Baishan (白山)

1. Introduction

Baishan City (Korean: 백산시 Baeksan-si), formerly known as Hunjiang City, is a prefecture-level city under the jurisdiction of Jilin Province, People's Republic of China. It is located in the southeast of Jilin Province, on the western side of the Changbai Mountains. The city borders the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture to the east, Jilin City to the north, Tonghua City to the west, and faces Hyesan City of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea across the Yalu River to the south. Situated in the hinterland of the Changbai Mountains, the Laoling Mountains run through the entire territory, with the Longgang Mountains in the north. The Changbai Mountain Tianchi (Heavenly Lake) is located on the eastern edge of the city. The Yalu River forms the southern boundary, with its tributaries radiating outwards. The Songhua River flows northward out of the territory, and the Hun River passes through the urban area in the west. Within its jurisdiction lies the Changbaishan Airport. It is an important node city in eastern Northeast China and a central city in the southeast of Jilin Province. The People's Government of Baishan City is located at No. 3766 Baishan Avenue, Hunjiang District.

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2. History

• In 1902, the Qing government established Linjiang County at Mao'er Mountain, under the jurisdiction of Xingjing Subprefecture in the Jilin Deputy Military Governor's area.
• In 1907, it was transferred to Fengtian Province, still under Xingjing Subprefecture.
• In the second year of the Republic of China (1913), it belonged to the Eastern Circuit of Fengtian Province.
• In 1934, it was transferred to Andong Province of Manchukuo.
• In 1937, it was reassigned to Tonghua Province.
• After the fall of Manchukuo in 1945, it was placed under the Tonghua Administrative Office of Andong Province.
• In 1946, it was transferred to Liaoning Province.
• In 1949, it was reassigned to Liaodong Province.
• In August 1954, it was transferred to Jilin Province.
• In March 1959, Linjiang County was abolished and Hunjiang City (county-level) was established, under Tonghua Prefecture.
• In March 1985, Hunjiang City was upgraded to a prefecture-level city, establishing three municipal districts: Badaojiang, Linjiang, and Sanchazi. The municipal government was located in Badaojiang District and governed three counties: Fusong, Jingyu, and Changbai.
• In September 1992, Linjiang District was abolished and Linjiang County was reestablished.
• In November 1993, Linjiang County was abolished and the county-level Linjiang City was established.
• In April 1994, Hunjiang City was renamed Baishan City.
• In December 1995, Sanchazi District was abolished and Jiangyuan County was established.
• In June 2006, Jiangyuan County was abolished and Jiangyuan District was established.
• In May 2010, Badaojiang District was renamed Hunjiang District.

3. Geography

Meteorological Data of Hunjiang District, Baishan City (1981–2010)

| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | |-----------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|----------|----------|----------|----------| | Record high °C (°F) | 3.4 (38.1) | 11.7 (53.2) | 16.5 (61.7) | 29.2 (84.6) | 32.2 (90.0) | 35.5 (95.9) | 35.8 (96.4) | 35.7 (96.3) | 30.1 (86.2) | 27.2 (81.0) | 18.3 (64.9) | 8.3 (46.9) | 35.8 (96.4) | | Average high °C (°F) | -7.7 (18.1) | -3.1 (26.4) | 3.9 (38.8) | 13.8 (56.8) | 20.3 (68.5) | 24.8 (76.6) | 26.7 (80.1) | 26.4 (79.5) | 21.4 (70.5) | 13.7 (56.7) | 2.8 (37.0) | -5.2 (22.6) | 11.5 (52.6) | | Daily mean °C (°F) | -15.2 (4.6) | -10.4 (13.3) | -2.3 (27.9) | 6.8 (44.2) | 13.3 (55.9) | 18.2 (64.8) | 21.4 (70.5) | 20.5 (68.9) | 13.9 (57.0) | 6.1 (43.0) | -3.4 (25.9) | -12.0 (10.4) | 4.7 (40.5) | | Average low °C (°F) | -21.2 (-6.2) | -16.6 (2.1) | -7.8 (18.0) | 0.5 (32.9) | 6.8 (44.2) | 12.7 (54.9) | 17.2 (63.0) | 16.2 (61.2) | 8.5 (47.3) | 0.2 (32.4) | -8.5 (16.7) | -17.4 (0.7) | -0.8 (30.6) | | Record low °C (°F) | -35.5 (-31.9) | -32.0 (-25.6) | -24.6 (-12.3) | -11.4 (11.5) | -3.9 (25.0) | 3.4 (38.1) | 7.9 (46.2) | 3.1 (37.6) | -4.4 (24.1) | -12.7 (9.1) | -26.5 (-15.7) | -32.7 (-26.9) | -35.5 (-31.9) | | Average precipitation mm (inches) | 12.0 (0.47) | 14.6 (0.57) | 26.1 (1.03) | 50.3 (1.98) | 86.2 (3.39) | 119.5 (4.70) | 213.2 (8.39) | 177.5 (6.99) | 66.1 (2.60) | 42.8 (1.69) | 34.0 (1.34) | 17.3 (0.68) | 859.6 (33.83) | | Average relative humidity (%) | 71 | 66 | 60 | 58 | 63 | 73 | 82 | 82 | 78 | 68 | 70 | 71 | 70 |

4. Administrative Divisions

Baishan City currently administers 2 municipal districts, 2 counties, 1 autonomous county, and manages 1 county-level city on behalf of the province.

• Municipal Districts: Hunjiang District, Jiangyuan District
• County-level City: Linjiang City
• Counties: Fusong County, Jingyu County
• Autonomous County: Changbai Korean Autonomous County

| Division Code | Division Name | Chinese Pinyin | Area (km²) | Resident Population (2020 Census) | Government Seat | Postal Code | Subdistricts | Towns | Townships | |-------------------|-------------------|--------------------|----------------|---------------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------|------------------|-----------|---------------| | 220600 | Baishan City | Baishan Shi | 17,505.26 | 951,866 | Hunjiang District | 134300 | 18 | 41 | 6 | | 220602 | Hunjiang District | Hunjiang Qu | 1,381.88 | 307,982 | Xinjian Subdistrict | 134300 | 8 | 4 | | | 220605 | Jiangyuan District | Jiangyuan Qu | 1,346.95 | 138,272 | Jiangyuan Subdistrict | 134700 | 4 | 6 | | | 220621 | Fusong County | Fusong Xian | 6,159.28 | 217,252 | Fusong Town | 134500 | | 11 | 3 | | 220622 | Jingyu County | Jingyu Xian | 3,084.21 | 108,478 | Jingyu Town | 135200 | | 7 | 1 | | 220623 | Changbai Korean Autonomous County | Changbai Chaoxianzu Zizhixian | 2,505.97 | 58,266 | Changbai Town | 134400 | | 7 | 1 | | 220681 | Linjiang City | Linjiang Shi | 3,026.97 | 121,616 | Jianguo Subdistrict | 134600 | 6 | 6 | 1 |

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5. Transportation

• National Highway 201 passes through the area.
• G11 Hegang–Dalian Expressway passes through the area.
• On November 20, 2018, the Huinan–Baishan section of the S13 Huinan–Linjiang Expressway opened to traffic.

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6. Population

As of the end of 2022, the population of Baishan City was 906,200, a decrease of 17,000 from the end of the previous year and a decrease of 46,000 from the Seventh National Population Census. The urban population was 724,500, and the rural population was 181,700. The annual number of births was 3,600, with a birth rate of 3.94‰; the number of deaths was 10,500, with a death rate of 11.48‰; the natural population growth rate was -7.54‰. The sex ratio was 98.47 (with females as 100).

According to the 2020 Seventh National Population Census, the city's resident population was 951,866 (excluding the Changbai Mountain Administrative Committee, the same below). Compared with the 1,279,175 people from the Sixth National Population Census, the population decreased by 327,309 over the decade, a decline of 25.59%, with an average annual growth rate of -2.91%. Among them, the male population was 475,119, accounting for 49.91% of the total population; the female population was 476,747, accounting for 50.09% of the total population. The overall sex ratio (with females as 100) was 99.66. The population aged 0-14 was 104,434, accounting for 10.97% of the total population; the population aged 15-59 was 606,346, accounting for 63.7% of the total population; the population aged 60 and above was 241,086, accounting for 25.33% of the total population, of which the population aged 65 and above was 167,750, accounting for 17.62% of the total population. The urban population was 755,047, accounting for 79.32% of the total population; the rural population was 196,819, accounting for 20.68% of the total population.

6.1 Ethnic Groups

Among the city's resident population, the Han ethnic population was 909,332, accounting for 95.53%; the total population of ethnic minorities was 42,534, accounting for 4.47%. Compared with the 2010 Sixth National Population Census, the Han population decreased by 347,668, a decline of 27.66%, and its proportion of the total population decreased by 1.45 percentage points; the total population of ethnic minorities increased by 3,407, an increase of 8.71%, and its proportion of the total population increased by 1.45 percentage points. Among them, the Korean ethnic population increased by 642, an increase of 3.59%, and its proportion of the total population increased by 0.57 percentage points; the Manchu ethnic population increased by 1,767, an increase of 11.29%, and its proportion of the total population increased by 0.62 percentage points.

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Named after Changbai Mountain.

Hunjiang District

Fusong County

The Han population accounts for 95.53%; ethnic minorities account for 4.47% of the population.

Red Pine

Rhodiola rosea