Yanan (延安)

1. Introduction

Yan'an City, abbreviated as Yan, historically known as Fushi, is a prefecture-level city under the jurisdiction of Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China, located in the northern part of Shaanxi Province. The city borders Weinan City, Tongchuan City, and Xianyang City to the south, Qingyang City of Gansu Province to the west, Yulin City to the north, and Lüliang City and Linfen City of Shanxi Province to the east. Situated on the Loess Plateau, it is traversed by the Baiyu Mountains, Ziwu Ridge, Lao Mountain, Huanglong Mountain, and others. Major rivers include the North Luo River, Yan River, Qingjian River, Shiwang River, and Fenchuan River. The city covers a total area of 37,031 square kilometers, with a permanent population of approximately 2.27 million. The municipal people's government is located in Xincheng Subdistrict, Baota District. Yan'an is a nationally renowned historical and cultural city. After the Red Army's Long March reached northern Shaanxi in 1935, Yan'an became the capital of the Chinese Soviet Republic.

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2. History

2.1 Pre-Qin Period

Archaeological discoveries indicate that around 30,000 years ago, the late Homo sapiens known as the "Huanglong Man" inhabited the Yan'an area. Around the 13th century BCE, Yan'an was part of the independent state of Guifang. Emperor Wuding of the Shang dynasty launched a large-scale war against Guifang. The Book of Changes records: "Gaozong attacked Guifang and conquered it after three years." This is the earliest known written record of Yan'an.

During the Spring and Autumn period, Yan'an was inhabited by the Baidi tribe, a nomadic and hunting minority group. Prince Chong'er of Jin lived in exile among the Baidi for 12 years, residing in the Yan'an area. During the Warring States period, most of Yan'an belonged to the State of Wei. The Records of the Grand Historian states: "Wei built a long wall from Zheng along the Luo River northward, establishing Shangjun." In the seventh year of King Huiwen of Qin (300 BCE), the Qin general Gongsun Yan defeated the Wei army at Diaoyin (present-day Sigou River, Ganquan County, Shaanxi Province), killing over 80,000 and capturing the Wei general Long Jia. In the eighth year, Wei ceded the land west of the Yellow River to Qin. In the tenth year, Wei ceded 15 counties of Shangjun (present-day northern Shaanxi, including Yichuan and Yan'an) to Qin. Yan'an thus came under Qin control.

2.2 Qin and Han Periods

During the Qin and Han dynasties, Yan'an belonged to Shangjun (with its seat at Fushi, south of present-day Yulin). During the reign of King Zhaoxiang of Qin, the Qin established Gaonu County in the Yan'an area, with its seat at Yinjiagou, east of present-day Yan'an city. This marked the beginning of Yan'an's city construction, and its walls remain to this day. After Qin unified the six states, General Meng Tian led 300,000 troops north to attack the Xiongnu and later supervised the construction of the Great Wall and the Qin Straight Road. During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, large-scale immigration and garrison farming were implemented, leading to unprecedented agricultural development in northern Shaanxi and other areas, which was praised as "New Qinzhong" (meaning as prosperous as Guanzhong). Yu Xu of the Han dynasty described it in his memorial as "rich in water and grass, suitable for farming and herding, with cattle and horses following one another and flocks of sheep filling the roads."

2.3 Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties

In the third year of the Yixi era of the Eastern Jin dynasty (407 CE), Helian Bobo of the Tiefu tribe of the Xiongnu established the Great Xia state. He built Fenglin City east of Yan'an (present-day Zhoujiawan Village, Lijiaqu Town, Baota District). Shen Kuo of the Song dynasty once inspected the city, noting that it was as solid as stone, with walls not very thick but with long and dense horse-face bastions, advantageous for defense. He praised it, saying, "Helian's city is deeply worthy of emulation."

During the Western Wei dynasty, Dongxia Zhou was established, governing Biancheng Commandery, Shuofang Commandery, Dingyang Commandery, and Shangjun. Beihua Zhou was also established, governing Zhongbu Commandery and Fucheng Commandery.

The names "Yanzhou" and "Yan'an" first appeared in the Book of Sui. The Geographical Records state: "Yan'an Commandery was established as Dongxia Zhou during the Later Wei, renamed Yanzhou during the Western Wei, and established as a headquarters. During the Kaihuang era, the headquarters was abolished, governing 11 counties with 53,939 households. In the third year of the Daye era, Yan'an Commandery was established at Fushi. Fenglin was later established during the Wei dynasty as Guangwu and Biancheng Commandery. At the beginning of the Kaihuang era, the commandery was abolished, and in the 18th year, it was renamed Fenglin. At the beginning of the Daye era, Woye County was merged into it. Weiping was established during the Later Wei, and Shuofang Commandery was also established. During the Later Zhou, the commandery was abolished, and Shuofang and Hezheng counties were merged into it. Jinming had administrative officials, with Qingshui and Linzhen. There was also Shenmu Commandery and Zhenchuan County during the Western Wei. During the Later Zhou, the commandery was abolished, and at the beginning of the Daye era, Zhenchuan was merged into it. Yanchuan was established during the Western Wei as Wen'an and Wen'an Commandery. At the beginning of the Kaihuang era, the commandery was abolished, and the county was renamed Yanchuan. Yan'an was established during the Western Wei, and Yixiang County was also established. During the Daye era, Yixiang was merged into it. Yincheng was established during the Later Wei, abolished during the Later Zhou, and later reestablished as Yichuan. During the Western Wei, Fenzhou and Yichuan Commandery were established, later renamed Danzhou. During the Later Zhou, the county was renamed Danyang. At the beginning of the Kaihuang era, the commandery was abolished, and the county was renamed Yichuan. Lechuan Commandery was also merged into it. At the beginning of the Daye era, the prefecture was abolished, and Yunyan County was merged into it. Fenchuan was originally called Anping, renamed Fenchuan during the Later Zhou. At the beginning of the Daye era, Menshan County was merged into it. Xianning was originally called Yongning, renamed Taiping during the Western Wei, and renamed Xianning during the Kaihuang era." Additionally, it is recorded that in the second year of the Daye era, Fucheng Commandery was established in southern Yan'an, later renamed Shangjun, governing five counties (LuoJiao, Neibu, Sanchuan, Fucheng, Luochuan).

2.4 Tang and Song Periods

In the first year of the Wude era of the Tang dynasty (618 CE), Yan'an Commandery was renamed Yanzhou Headquarters, governing Fushi, Fenglin, and Yanchuan counties, and administering Nanping, Beiwu, and Dongxia prefectures. Shangjun was renamed Fuzhou, governing Luojiao, Luochuan, Sanchuan, Fulu, Neibu, and Fucheng counties.

During the Song dynasty, Yan'an belonged to the Yongxing Army Circuit, with Yanzhou, Fuzhou, Danzhou, and Fangzhou established. During this period, frequent conflicts occurred between the Song and the Western Xia. Notable Song officials such as Pang Ji, Fan Yong, Han Qi, and Fan Zhongyan defended the area. In the fourth year of the Yuanyou era (1089), Yanzhou was elevated to Yan'an Prefecture.

2.5 Jin and Xia Periods

The Jin established the Zhangwu Army Headquarters. The Jin and Xia set up a market at Bao'an Army (present-day Zhidan County) for trade.

2.6 Yuan, Ming, and Qing Periods

In the late Ming dynasty, a large peasant uprising erupted in northern Shaanxi. Peasant leaders such as Gao Yingxiang, Li Zicheng, and Zhang Xianzhong roamed north and south Yan'an.

The Qing dynasty continued to establish Yan'an Prefecture. During the Shunzhi era, it governed three prefectures (Fuzhou, Suidezhou, and Jiazhou) and 16 counties (Fushi, Ansai, Ganquan, Anding, Bao'an, Yichuan, Yanchuan, Yanchang, Qingjian, Luochuan, Zhongbu, Yijun, Mizhi, Wubao, Shenmu, and Fugu). During the Yongzheng era, the three prefectures were placed under direct provincial administration, and the prefecture governed eight counties (Fushi, Ansai, Ganquan, Anding, Bao'an, Yichuan, Yanchuan, and Yanchang). During the Qianlong era, Dingbian and Jingbian counties were added. During the Tongzhi era, the Western Nian Army led by Zhang Zongyu rebelled against the Qing in Yan'an. Zuo Zongtang led the Xiang Army into the area to suppress the rebellion. The last Nian Army force, led by Yuan Dakui, was suppressed at Yongning Mountain, marking the final failure of the Nian Army movement in China. In the late Qing dynasty, the Qing government established the Yanchang Petroleum Official Plant and drilled the first oil well on the Chinese mainland in Yanchang County.

2.7 Republic of China Mainland Period

In the second year of the Republic of China (1913), Yan'an belonged to Yulin Circuit. In the 17th year (1928), the circuit system was abolished, and counties were directly administered by the province. In the 24th year (1935), in September, counties north and south of Yan'an were divided under the Third and Second Administrative Inspectorates of Shaanxi Province under the National Government. In 1944, the Third Shaanxi Provincial Administrative Inspectorate was stationed in Luochuan, initially governing six counties: Luochuan, Ganquan, Yichuan, Fuxian, Zhongbu, and Yijun. Later, it governed three counties: Luochuan, Huangling (renamed from Zhongbu County in 1944), and the Huanglong Administrative Bureau. From March to April 1948, the People's Liberation Army successively captured the counties under the Third Administrative Inspectorate.

In early 1926, Li Xiangjiu and Xie Zichang established the First and Second Special Branches of the Chinese Communist Party in the Yichuan Army. In spring and summer, the Shaanxi Provincial Fourth Middle School (Yan'an) established the Yan'an Special Branch of the Chinese Communist Party. These were the earliest local CCP organizations in Yan'an. In the 1930s, Liu Zhidan, Xie Zichang, and others carried out armed struggles in Yan'an, establishing the Shaanxi-Gansu Border and Northern Shaanxi revolutionary base areas. In November 1935, they were named the Shaanxi-Gansu Province and Northern Shaanxi Province.

In October 1935, the Central Red Army arrived at Wuqi Town during the Long March. After the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japan, the second Kuomintang-Communist cooperation was achieved. In September 1937, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region was established. In October, the Yan'an Municipal Government was established, directly under the Border Region Government. In 1942, Wuqi County was established, belonging to the Sanbian Subdistrict. In November of the same year, the Yanshu Subdistrict was established, and in January, the Administrative Inspectorate was established, governing Yan'an City and ten counties (cities): Yan'an, Fuxian, Ganquan, Zhidan, Ansai, Zichang, Yanchuan, Yanchang, and Gulin.

After the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War, in March 1947, Yan'an was captured by the National Government and recaptured by the Communist Northwest Field Army in April 1948. In January 1948, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region established the Huanglong Subdistrict, governing ten counties including Luochuan, Huangling, Yijun, Yichuan, and Huanglong. In February of the following year, Fuxian was added. In May 1949, the Yanshu Subdistrict was abolished, and the Northern Shaanxi Administrative Region was established. The Weibei Administrative Office was stationed in Yan'an, governing four subdistricts (Yulin, Sanbian, Suide, and Huanglong) and seven directly administered counties (Yan'an, Yanchang, Yanchuan, Zichang, Ansai, Zhidan, and Ganquan).

2.8 People's Republic of China Period

In May 1950, the Northern Shaanxi Administrative Office was abolished, and the Shaanxi Province Yan'an Subdistrict Administrative Inspectorate was established, governing 12 counties: Yan'an, Yanchang, Ansai, Zhidan, Wuqi, Ganquan, Fuxian, Luochuan, Yichuan, Huangling, Yijun, and Huanglong. In October of the same year, it was renamed the Shaanxi Provincial People's Government Yan'an Commissioner's Office.

In May 1955, it was renamed the Shaanxi Province Yan'an Commissioner's Office. In October 1956, Yanchuan and Zichang were placed under Yan'an Prefecture. In 1964, Fu County was renamed Fuxian.

On August 18, 1968, the Yan'an Prefecture Revolutionary Committee was established. In September of the following year, Yan'an Prefecture was renamed Yan'an Region.

In 1970, Yan'an County was divided to establish Yan'an Urban District (county-level).

In 1972, Yan'an Urban District was renamed Yan'an City. The region governed one city and 14 counties.

In August 1975, Yan'an County was merged into Yan'an City.

In 1978, the Yan'an Region Revolutionary Committee was abolished, and the Yan'an Region Administrative Office was established.

On September 9, 1983, the State Council approved (State Letter No. 187): Yijun County was transferred to Tongchuan City.

On November 5, 1996, the State Council approved (State Letter No. 84): 1. Abolish Yan'an Region and county-level Yan'an City, establish prefecture-level Yan'an City, with the municipal government stationed in the newly established Baota District. 2. Establish Baota District in Yan'an City, with the administrative region of the former county-level Yan'an City as the administrative region of Baota District. 3. Yan'an City governs the 12 counties of the former Yan'an Region (Ansai, Huangling, Yanchang, Zhidan, Luochuan, Yanchuan, Ganquan, Huanglong, Zichang, Fuxian, Yichuan, and Wuqi) and the newly established Baota District.

On October 18, 2005, the Shaanxi Provincial People's Government approved (Shaanxi Government Letter No. 128): Yan'an City's Wuqi County was renamed Wuqi County.

In June 2016, "State Council Approval on Adjusting Part of the Administrative Divisions of Yan'an City, Shaanxi Province" (State Letter No. 104): Approve the abolition of Ansai County and the establishment of Ansai District in Yan'an City, with the administrative region of the former Ansai County as the administrative region of Ansai District. The Ansai District People's Government is stationed at No. 1 Zhenwu Street, Zhenwudong Subdistrict.

3. Geography

Yan'an is located in the northern part of Shaanxi Province, between 35°21′N to 37°31′N and 107°41′E to 110°31′E, in the central-southern region of the Loess Plateau, 371 kilometers north of Xi'an. It borders Yulin to the north; connects to the Guanzhong cities of Xianyang, Tongchuan, and Weinan to the south; faces Linfen and Lüliang in Shanxi across the Yellow River to the east; and neighbors Qingyang in Gansu to the west. The city covers a total area of 37,000 square kilometers. The terrain is higher in the northwest and lower in the southeast, with an average altitude of 1,000 meters. The ecological environment of the Loess Plateau is relatively fragile and is an area severely affected by soil erosion. Since 1999, Yan'an has promoted and implemented the Grain for Green policy, increasing the forest coverage rate from less than 10% at the founding of the People's Republic of China to 46.35% in 2017, leading to a significant improvement in the local ecology. In 2016, Yan'an was designated as a "National Forest City."

3.1 Topography and Landforms

Yan'an is situated in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, belonging to the hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau. The landforms of Yan'an are primarily characterized by the Loess Plateau and hills. The terrain is higher in the northwest and lower in the southeast, with an average altitude of approximately 1,200 meters. The Baiyu Mountains in the north have an altitude of 1,600 to 1,800 meters, with the highest point at the summit of Baiyu Mountain in Wugu Township, Wuqi County, at 1,809.8 meters. The lowest point is at Hou'er Chuan in Jiyi Township, Yichuan County, at 388.8 meters, resulting in a relative height difference of 1,421 meters. The northern area is dominated by loess ridges and gullies, accounting for 72% of the total area; the southern area is primarily loess tableland gullies, accounting for 19%; rocky mountainous areas constitute 9% of the total area. The Ziwu Ridge in the west runs north-south, forming the watershed between the Luo River and the Jing River. It is one of the bedrock mountains rising above the Loess Plateau, with an altitude of 1,500 to 1,600 meters and a main peak of 1,687 meters. The Huanglong Mountains in the east extend roughly north-south, with an altitude of 1,500 meters and a main peak (Daling) at 1,788.7 meters. The Lao Mountains in the center run northwest-southeast, with an average altitude of 1,400 meters and a main peak (Dadun Liang) at 1,464 meters. The Huanglong Mountains and Lao Mountains are collectively known as the Liangshan Mountain Range, forming the skeletal structure of Yan'an's topography.

3.2 Climate

Yan'an is located in an inland semi-arid region, characterized by a plateau continental monsoon climate with four distinct seasons, ample sunshine, and significant diurnal temperature variations. The average annual frost-free period is 170 days; the average annual temperature ranges from 7.7°C to 10.6°C; and the average annual precipitation is around 500 mm.

| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | |-----------------|-----------|-----------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|-----------|-----------|------------|------------| | Avg. High °C | 2.2 | 5.6 | 11.9 | 20.2 | 25.3 | 28.7 | 29.7 | 28.2 | 23.3 | 17.6 | 10.3 | 3.9 | 17.2 | | Avg. High °F | 36.0 | 42.1 | 53.4 | 68.4 | 77.5 | 83.7 | 85.5 | 82.8 | 73.9 | 63.7 | 50.5 | 39.0 | 63.0 | | Avg. Low °C | -11.0 | -7.2 | -1.0 | 5.4 | 10.6 | 14.9 | 17.8 | 16.7 | 11.4 | 4.8 | -2.2 | -8.6 | 4.3 | | Avg. Low °F | 12.2 | 19.0 | 30.2 | 41.7 | 51.1 | 58.8 | 64.0 | 62.1 | 52.5 | 40.6 | 28.0 | 16.5 | 39.7 | | Avg. Precip. mm | 3.0 | 5.0 | 17.6 | 26.3 | 41.7 | 67.7 | 112.1 | 117.5 | 68.0 | 35.0 | 13.6 | 3.2 | 510.7 | | Avg. Precip. in | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.69 | 1.04 | 1.64 | 2.67 | 4.41 | 4.63 | 2.68 | 1.38 | 0.54 | 0.13 | 20.13 | | Avg. Precip. Days | 2.2 | 3.2 | 5.2 | 6.2 | 7.5 | 9.0 | 13.3 | 11.8 | 10.2 | 7.1 | 3.8 | 2.1 | 81.6 | | Avg. Rel. Hum. (%) | 53 | 52 | 54 | 48 | 51 | 59 | 70 | 74 | 74 | 69 | 63 | 57 | 60 | | Mean Monthly Sunshine Hours | 194.3 | 172.7 | 194.3 | 220.7 | 247.1 | 239.5 | 222.1 | 212.9 | 183.4 | 190.4 | 185.2 | 185.9 | 2,448.5 | | Percent Possible Sunshine | 64 | 57 | 53 | 56 | 57 | 55 | 50 | 51 | 49 | 55 | 60 | 62 | 55 |

4. Administrative Divisions

Yan'an City administers 2 districts, 10 counties, and has 1 county-level city under its jurisdiction.

• Districts: Baota District, Ansai District
• County-level City: Zichang City
• Counties: Yanchang County, Yanchuan County, Zhidan County, Wuqi County, Ganquan County, Fu County, Luochuan County, Yichuan County, Huanglong County, Huangling County

| Division Code | Division Name | Pinyin | Area (km²) | Resident Population (2020 Census) | Government Seat | Postal Code | Subdistricts | Towns | Townships | |-------------------|---------------------|----------------------|----------------------|---------------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------|------------------|-----------|---------------| | 610600 | Yan'an City | Yán'ān Shì | 37,000.54 | 2,282,581 | Baota District | 716000 | 16 | 84 | 12 | | 610602 | Baota District | Bǎotǎ Qū | 3,539.44 | 640,951 | Baotashan Subdistrict | 716000 | 5 | 9 | 4 | | 610603 | Ansai District | Ānsài Qū | 2,949.42 | 163,135 | Zhenwudong Subdistrict | 717400 | 1 | 8 | | | 610621 | Yanchang County | Yáncháng Xiàn | 2,367.99 | 117,965 | Qixingcun Subdistrict | 717100 | 1 | 7 | | | 610622 | Yanchuan County | Yánchuān Xiàn | 1,983.87 | 139,713 | Dayu Subdistrict | 717200 | 1 | 7 | | | 610625 | Zhidan County | Zhìdān Xiàn | 3,794.01 | 155,129 | Bao'an Subdistrict | 717500 | 1 | 7 | | | 610626 | Wuqi County | Wúqǐ Xiàn | 3,768.48 | 146,167 | Wuqi Subdistrict | 717600 | 1 | 8 | | | 610627 | Ganquan County | Gānquán Xiàn | 2,271.89 | 76,829 | Meishu Subdistrict | 716100 | 1 | 3 | 2 | | 610628 | Fu County | Fù Xiàn | 4,180.37 | 142,891 | Chafang Subdistrict | 717500 | 1 | 6 | 1 | | 610629 | Luochuan County | Luòchuān Xiàn | 1,792.35 | 201,653 | Fengqi Subdistrict | 717400 | 1 | 7 | 1 | | 610630 | Yichuan County | Yíchuān Xiàn | 2,933.57 | 112,090 | Danzhou Subdistrict | 716200 | 1 | 4 | 2 | | 610631 | Huanglong County| Huánglóng Xiàn | 2,745.60 | 41,198 | Shibao Town | 715700 | | 5 | 2 | | 610632 | Huangling County| Huánglíng Xiàn | 2,287.28 | 127,015 | Qiaoshan Subdistrict | 717300 | 1 | 5 | | | 610633 | Zichang City | Zǐcháng Shì | 2,396.28 | 217,735 | Wayaobao Subdistrict | 717300 | 1 | 8 | |

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5. Transportation

5.1 Aviation

The Yan'an Ershilipu Airport was first constructed in January 1936, built by the former Kuomintang's Northeast Army under Zhang Xueliang and the 17th Route Army under Yang Hucheng. It was taken over by the Red Army after the Xi'an Incident. Yan'an Airport is the first "red airport" renovated, used, and managed by the Chinese Communist Party. On October 1, 1958, the Civil Aviation Yan'an Station was established at the original Dongguan Airport, officially inaugurating the Yan'an-Xi'an flight route. Yan'an Airport was the second airport in Shaanxi Province, after Xi'an, to have a station established and commence civil aviation flights. In 2009, the State Council and the Central Military Commission approved the relocation project, and the experimental section of the airport relocation project commenced construction on August 28. The new airport will still be constructed according to military Grade II and civil aviation 4C standards, planning to build a 2,800-meter-long, 45-meter-wide runway and a parallel taxiway to meet the full-load operational requirements of B737 and A320 series aircraft.

Starting from 00:00 on November 8, 2018, the Yan'an Nanniwan Airport was officially put into operation. All flights originally operating from Yan'an Ershilipu Airport were transferred to Yan'an Nanniwan Airport.

Yan'an Nanniwan Airport has now opened routes to cities such as Beijing, Xi'an, Shanghai, Chongqing, Xiamen, Guangzhou, Qingdao, Shenyang, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Shenzhen, Haikou, and Tianjin, making Yan'an Airport the only regional airport in Northwest China connected to all three major hub airports.

5.2 Railway

Yan'an Railway Station was first built in 1992 and is one of the important stations on the Baotou-Xi'an Railway. It is a second-class station under the jurisdiction of the Xi'an Railway Bureau. Its main functions include passenger boarding and alighting; luggage and parcel consignment; dispatch and receipt of full wagonload, less-than-wagonload, and container freight; pre-consignment storage of full wagonload goods; it does not handle the dispatch or receipt of full wagonload explosives or Class I oxidizers. Yan'an Station currently operates nearly 30 trains to destinations including Xi'an, Shenmu, Baoji, Yulin, Taiyuan, Shijiazhuang, Shanghai, Tianjin, Beijing, Qiqihar, and Chengdu. In 2012, the high-speed rail service from Yan'an to Xi'an North was launched, becoming the first high-speed train service in northern Shaanxi, with a travel time of 2 hours and 15 minutes from Yan'an to Xi'an.

Yan'an North Station is under the jurisdiction of the Xi'an Railway Bureau. It originally had 9 existing tracks, 1 locomotive depot, 2 freight lines, and dedicated lines for a grain depot, oil unloading line, Yanchang Oil Depot, Changqing Oilfield, and a rescue train parking line. After the full opening of the Baotou-Xi'an line in 2011, the effective length of the station tracks was extended from 850 meters to 1050 meters, and the signal interlocking equipment was replaced.

5.3 Highway

Yan'an's road transportation is very convenient. Within the city, there are two passenger transport stations: Yan'an Bus Station and Yan'an South Bus Station. These provide connections to various counties within Yan'an, as well as to cities such as Xi'an, Yulin, Pingliang, Linfen, Lanzhou, Wuzhong, Xifeng, Shijiazhuang, Luoyang, Wuhai, Beijing, Yinchuan, Taiyuan, and Baotou.

G20 Qingdao-Yinchuan Expressway starts from Wubu in the east, passes through Suide, Zizhou, and Jingbian, reaches Dingbian, and then enters the Ningxia region.

G22 Qingdao-Lanzhou Expressway starts from Yichuan in the east, passes through Huanglong, Luochuan, and Fu County, reaches Leijiajiao, and then enters the Gansu region.

G2211 Yan'an-Zhidan-Wuqi Expressway starts from Yan'an and Zhidan in the east and reaches Wuqi.

G2211 Changyan Expressway starts from Yan'an, Yanchang, and Yanchuan in the east, reaches Yanshuiguan, and then enters the Shanxi region.

G65 Baotou-Maoming Expressway and G65W Yan'an-Xi'an Expressway connect to Yulin and Baotou in the north, and to Tongchuan and Xi'an in the south.

National Highway 210 can reach Yulin to the north and Xi'an to the south.

National Highway 309 starts from Fu County and Yichuan in the west and enters the Shanxi region.

National Highway 341 passes through the area.

5.4 Urban Transportation

5.4.1 Bus

Most buses in Yan'an city are air-conditioned and implement a flat fare for the entire route. Regular buses use a one-yuan flat fare (except for Route 29, which uses a two-yuan flat fare), air-conditioned buses use a two-yuan flat fare, Route K302 uses a five-yuan flat fare, and the airport shuttle bus uses a twenty-yuan flat fare.

5.4.2 Taxi

Taxi companies in Yan'an include Shenzhou Group and Yanyun Group. The starting fare for taxis in Yan'an is 7 yuan, with a distance rate of 1 yuan per kilometer.

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6. Population

At the end of 2022, the city had a permanent resident population of 2.2676 million, with an urbanization rate of 61.97%. The natural population growth rate was 0.06‰, the birth rate was 6.11‰, and the death rate was 6.05‰.

According to the Seventh National Population Census conducted in 2020, the city's permanent resident population was 2,282,581. Compared with the 2,187,009 people recorded in the Sixth National Population Census, this represents an increase of 95,572 people over the decade, a growth rate of 4.37%, with an average annual growth rate of 0.43%. Among them, the male population was 1,192,560, accounting for 52.25% of the total population, while the female population was 1,090,021, accounting for 47.75%. The overall sex ratio (with females as 100) was 109.41. The population aged 0–14 was 481,349, accounting for 21.09% of the total population; the population aged 15–59 was 1,445,797, accounting for 63.34% of the total population; and the population aged 60 and above was 355,435, accounting for 15.57% of the total population, among which those aged 65 and above numbered 235,166, accounting for 10.3% of the total population. The urban population was 1,400,750, accounting for 61.37% of the total population, while the rural population was 881,831, accounting for 38.63% of the total population.

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7. Culture

7.1 Media

Yan'an Radio and Television Station was established in July 2001. It currently operates two television channels—Social Comprehensive Channel and Public Channel—as well as two radio channels: News Comprehensive Radio and Traffic Music Radio. Affiliated with the Yan'an Daily Press Group, Yan'an Daily serves as the official newspaper of the Communist Party of China Yan'an Municipal Committee.

7.2 Scenic Spots

• Hukou Waterfall: The most famous waterfall on the Yellow River.
• Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor: The tomb of the Yellow Emperor.
• Pagoda Mountain: Initially built during the Dali era of Emperor Daizong of the Tang Dynasty, featuring the Yan'an Pagoda and cliff carvings on Pagoda Mountain.
• Historic sites of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in northern Shaanxi, such as Zaoyuan, Yangjialing, Wangjiaping, and Nanniwan.

7.3 National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units

• Yan'an Revolutionary Sites
• Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor
• Wayaobao Revolutionary Site
• Zhongshan Grottoes
• Yanyi Well Site
• Luochuan Conference Site
• Shihong Temple Grottoes
• Wan'an Chan Temple Grottoes
• Wuqi Revolutionary Site
• Bao'an Revolutionary Site
• Longwangchan Site
• Yangjiafen Mountain Site
• Yan'an Section of the Qin Straight Road Site
• Tiebiancheng Site
• Kaiyuan Temple Pagoda
• Baishan Temple Pagoda
• Fuyan Temple Pagoda
• Wanfeng Pagoda
• Ten Thousand Buddha Cave Grottoes and Glazed Pagoda on Qingliang Mountain

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Baota District

Baota District

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Cypress, Apple tree

Mountain Lily Flower, Peony Flower