Guigang (贵港)

1. Introduction

Guigang City (Zhuang language: Gveigangj), historically known as Gui County and Guizhou, and also nicknamed Hecheng (Lotus City) due to the abundant lotus cultivation within the city, is a prefecture-level city under the jurisdiction of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, located in the southeastern part of Guangxi. The city borders Wuzhou City to the east, Yulin City to the south, Nanning City to the west, and Laibin City to the north.

Guigang is situated in the hilly region of southeastern Guangxi, with the Yu River and Qian River traversing the area and converging within its territory to form the Xun River. The city covers a total area of 10,602 square kilometers, with the Han ethnic group as the majority, alongside ethnic minorities such as the Zhuang and Yao. The Municipal People's Government is located at No. 888, Hecheng Road, Gangbei District.

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2. History

During the Qin Dynasty, the area belonged to Guilin Commandery. The Tang Dynasty established Guizhou Prefecture, which was downgraded to Gui County in the Ming Dynasty. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the prefecture-level Guigang City was established.

2.1 Archaeological Discoveries

In the summer of 2008, an ancient cultural site dating from the Han to Qing dynasties was discovered at the construction site of the former Gangbei District government. This was the first large-scale archaeological site discovered in Guigang and even in Guangxi, holding significant importance.

In 214 BC, after Emperor Qin Shi Huang pacified the Lingnan region, he established three commanderies: Guilin, Nanhai, and Xiang. Guilin Commandery governed twelve counties: Bushan, Anguang, Helin, Guangdu, Zhongliu, Guilin, Tanzhong, Linchen, Dingzhou, Lingfang, Zengshi, and Yongji. Among these, the Guigang area belonged to Bushan County (the county seat was in the area of present-day Mengxu, Guiping, or, according to another theory, in the Nanjiang area of Gangnan District, Guigang).

2.2 Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties

• During the Jin Dynasty (281–420 AD), Bushan County still belonged to Yulin Commandery.
• During the Song and Qi periods of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (420–502 AD), three counties—Bushan, Yuping, and Huaian (all located within the present-day Guigang area)—were established and belonged to Yulin Commandery.
• During the Liang (503–557 AD) and Chen (558–589 AD) dynasties, Bushan, Yuping, Huaize (renamed from Huaian County), and Longshan (present-day Zhongli, Guigang) belonged to Nanding Prefecture.

2.3 Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties

• In the 10th year of the Kaihuang era of the Sui Dynasty (590 AD), Nanding Prefecture was renamed Yin Prefecture, so Bushan belonged to Yin Prefecture. In the 2nd year of the Daye era (606 AD), Bushan, Longshan, Wuping, and Huaize were merged into Yulin County, which, together with Madu County, belonged to Guangzhou. From then on, the name Bushan County was no longer used.
• In the 4th year of the Wude era of the Tang Dynasty (612 AD), four counties—Yulin, Huaize, Yishan (originally Madu County, mostly within present-day Guigang), and Chaoshui (mostly within present-day Guigang)—were established. The Nanyin Prefecture Governor's Office was set up, with its seat in Longshan (present-day Guigang), belonging to Lingnan. In the 9th year of the Zhenguan era (635 AD), taking the character "Gui" from "Yigui Mountain," Nanyin Prefecture was renamed Guizhou Prefecture. The prefectural seat was in Yulin County, with the county seat located in today's urban area of Guigang City. In the 9th year of the Tianbao era (742 AD), Guizhou Prefecture was renamed Huaize Commandery. In the 1st year of the Qianyuan era (758 AD), it was renamed Guizhou Prefecture again, governing the four counties of Yulin, Huaize, Yishan, and Chaoshui.
• During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (917–971 AD), the four counties of Yuping (formerly Yulin), Huaize, Yishan, and Chaoshui all belonged to Guizhou Prefecture. Both the prefectural seat and the Yuping County seat were located in present-day Guigang City.

2.4 Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties

• In the 5th year of the Kaibao era of the Song Dynasty (972 AD), Huaize, Yishan, Chaoshui, and Yuping were merged into Yulin County, belonging to Huaize Commandery of Guizhou Prefecture.
• The Yuan Dynasty abolished Huaize Commandery. Yulin County was directly under Guizhou Prefecture. In the 9th year of the Dade era of the Yuan Dynasty (1305 AD), the county was abolished while the prefecture remained, and the name Yulin County was no longer used within Guizhou Prefecture.
• In the 2nd year of the Hongwu era of the Ming Dynasty, Guizhou Prefecture was downgraded to Gui County, marking the beginning of the name Gui County. The county seat was in the present-day urban area of Guigang. Gui County belonged to Xunzhou Prefecture, whose seat was in the present-day urban area of Guiping.
• During the Qing Dynasty, it remained Gui County, with the county seat in the present-day urban area of Guigang. It belonged to Xunzhou Prefecture of Guangxi Province, with the prefectural seat in the present-day urban area of Guiping (this was also the first place in Guangxi where Hong Xiuquan and Feng Yunshan settled).

2.5 Republic of China

• In the 1st year of the Republic of China (1912), Gui County belonged to Xunzhou Prefecture. In the 2nd year (1913), the prefecture was abolished and circuits were established. In July, Gui County belonged to the Yujiang Circuit. In the 3rd year (1914), Gui County belonged to the Cangwu Circuit. In November of the 16th year (1927), Gui County belonged to the Cangwu Administrative Inspectorate. In the 19th year (1930), Gui County belonged to the Cangwu Civil Corps District. In April of the 21st year (1932), it belonged to the Wuzhou Civil Corps District. In March of the 23rd year (1934), it belonged to the Wuzhou Administrative Supervision District. In the 29th year (1940), Gui County belonged to the Third Administrative Inspectorate. From the 36th to the 38th year (1947–1949), it was transferred to the Ninth Administrative Inspectorate, with the inspectorate seat in Yulin.

2.6 People's Republic of China

• After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Gui County initially belonged to the Yulin Special District. In July 1951, it belonged to the Nanning Special District, and in August of the same year, it belonged to the Binyang Special District. In August 1952, it belonged to the Rongxian Special District. In July 1958, it belonged to the Yulin Special District. In 1971, the special district was renamed a prefecture, and Gui County belonged to the Yulin Prefecture.
• On December 20, 1988, with the approval of the State Council, Gui County was abolished, and Guigang City (a county-level city) was established. After its establishment, the city still belonged to the Yulin Prefecture, with its administrative area unchanged.
• On October 27, 1995, with the approval of the State Council, it was upgraded to a prefecture-level city. Initially, it administered Gangbei District and Gangnan District, governed Pingnan County, and administered the county-level Guiping City on behalf of the prefecture. In 1996, Qintang Management District (county-level) was separated from Gangbei District and was officially established as the municipal Qintang District in 2006, forming the current administrative division pattern of "three districts, one county, and one city."

3. Geography

The Tropic of Cancer traverses the central part of Guigang.

3.1 Climate

Located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone, the area has an annual average temperature of 21.5°C, 166 annual average rainy days, an average January temperature of 12.3°C, an average July temperature of 28.6°C, an annual average precipitation of 1600 mm, and a frost-free period of 353 days. |Month|Jan|Feb|Mar|Apr|May|Jun|Jul|Aug|Sep|Oct|Nov|Dec|Year| |--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--| |Average high °C (°F)|16.8(62.2)|17.8(64.0)|20.8(69.4)|26.2(79.2)|30.1(86.2)|32.1(89.8)|33.3(91.9)|33.5(92.3)|32.1(89.9)|29.1(84.4)|24.5(76.1)|19.8(67.6)|26.3(79.4)| |Daily mean °C (°F)|12.4(54.3)|14.0(57.2)|17.0(62.6)|22.2(72.0)|25.8(78.4)|27.8(82.0)|28.7(83.7)|28.7(83.7)|28.2(82.8)|23.9(75.0)|19.0(66.2)|14.4(57.9)|21.8(71.3)| |Average low °C (°F)|9.4(48.9)|11.3(52.3)|14.3(57.7)|19.2(66.6)|22.5(72.5)|24.7(76.5)|25.3(77.5)|25.4(77.7)|23.7(74.7)|20.0(68.0)|15.1(59.2)|10.6(51.1)|18.5(65.2)| |Average precipitation mm (inches)|48.8(1.92)|57.8(2.28)|74.5(2.93)|123.3(4.85)|232.8(9.17)|248.4(9.78)|252.0(9.92)|189.5(7.46)|101.7(4.00)|47.7(1.88)|43.8(1.72)|30.3(1.19)|1,450.6(57.1)| |Average relative humidity (%)|75|79|82|82|81|83|81|80|77|72|70|69|78|

Data source: China Meteorological Data Service Center.

4. Administrative Divisions

Guigang City administers 3 municipal districts, 1 county, and manages 1 county-level city on behalf of the higher-level government.

• Municipal Districts: Gangbei District, Gangnan District, Qintang District
• County-level City: Guiping City
• County: Pingnan County

| Division Code | Division Name | Chinese Pinyin (Official Transcription) | Area (km²) | Resident Population (2020 Census) | Government Seat | Postal Code | Subdistricts | Towns | Townships | Including: Ethnic Townships | |--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--| | 450800 | Guigang City | Guì Gǎng ShìGveigangj Si | 10,602.34 | 4,316,262 | Gangbei District | 537100 | 7 | 55 | 12 | 2 | | 450802 | Gangbei District | Gǎng Běi QūGangjbwz Gih | 1,096.55 | 760,633 | Guicheng Subdistrict | 537100 | 2 | 4 | 2 | | | 450803 | Gangnan District | Gǎng Nán QūGangjnanz Gih | 1,099.08 | 516,598 | Jiangnan Subdistrict | 537100 | 2 | 7 | | | | 450804 | Qintang District | Qín Táng QūCinzdangz Gih | 1,352.24 | 423,747 | Qintang Subdistrict | 537100 | 1 | 7 | 2 | | | 450821 | Pingnan County | Píng Nán XiànBingznanz Yen | 2,983.96 | 1,104,273 | Pingnan Subdistrict | 537300 | 2 | 16 | 3 | 2 | | 450881 | Guiping City | Guì Píng ShìGveibingz Si | 4,070.53 | 1,511,011 | Xishan Town | 537200 | | 21 | 5 | |

5. Economy

According to preliminary calculations, the city's gross regional product (GRP) for the full year of 2021 reached 150.164 billion yuan. Calculated at constant prices, this represents a year-on-year increase of 6.5% compared to 2020, with an average two-year growth rate of 6.7%, which is 1.1 percentage points higher than the regional average. By sector, the added value of the primary industry was 25.952 billion yuan, growing by 8.8%, an increase of 3.3 percentage points from the previous year. The added value of the secondary industry was 54.492 billion yuan, growing by 3.8%, a decrease of 5.1 percentage points from the previous year. The added value of the tertiary industry was 69.719 billion yuan, growing by 7.7%, an increase of 1.6 percentage points from the previous year. The industrial structure was 17.3% for the primary industry, 36.3% for the secondary industry, and 46.4% for the tertiary industry.

6. Transportation

• National Highways G324 and G358 pass through the area.
• The national railway, Li-Zhan Railway, traverses the region, connecting Yulin Station and Litang Station in Binyang County, Nanning. The high-speed railway, Nan-Guang High-Speed Railway, passes through Guigang, linking Guiping Station and Binyang Station in the east-west direction. Passenger railway stations within Guigang City include: Guigang Station, Guiping Station, and Pingnan South Station.
• Guigang Port is located at the junction of the Southwest and South China economic zones, serving as a major transit port for the Southwest region's eastward maritime access and a "bridgehead" for the logistics corridor of the Pan-Pearl River Delta Economic Zone and the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area. Guigang Port is the largest inland river port in South China, having ranked first in cargo throughput for 16 consecutive years.

7. Education

7.1 Primary Education

In the late years of the Qing Dynasty's Guangxu reign, the imperial examination system was abolished, and modern schools were established. In the 30th year of Guangxu (1904), the first county-run higher primary school in Gui County was built in the west of the city (now the site of Dakai High School). It was completed and began enrolling students in the 32nd year of Guangxu. In the same year, Chen Jizu founded Kunde Girls' School at Yiyuan in the west of the city, marking the beginning of girls' schools in Gui County.

Guigang has a well-developed primary education system, with each township having one central primary school and several complete primary schools.

7.2 Secondary Education

In 1913 (the second year of the Republic of China), the Gui County County-run Higher Primary School was transformed into Gui County County-run Middle School, the first middle school established in Gui County. Gan Xiuyi served as the principal, and the school was located on West Street in Gui City.

Within Guigang's urban area, there are Guigang Senior High School, Jiangnan Middle School, and Dakai Middle School. In the Qintang District, there are Qintang Senior High School, Zhangmu Senior High School, and Shika Senior High School. In Guiping City, there is Xunzhou Senior High School, and in Pingnan County, there is Pingnan County Middle School.

7.3 Higher Education

• Guangxi Logistics Vocational and Technical College
  On March 23, 2017, Guigang City signed a cooperation agreement with Guangxi Logistics Group Co., Ltd. to jointly build Guangxi Logistics Vocational and Technical College. The planned total investment is approximately 10 billion yuan, covering an area of about 1000 mu. It is designed to accommodate over 12,000 full-time students and provide training for over 3,000 in-service personnel. On October 12, 2017, the college commenced construction in the Xijiang Education Park of Guigang City. On July 24, 2018, the autonomous region government approved the establishment of Guangxi Logistics Vocational and Technical College by Guangxi Materials Group, specifying it as a public higher vocational college.

• Guangxi Institute of Technology
  On June 24, 2018, Guigang City signed an investment agreement with Wenzhou Honghai Investment Co., Ltd. to build Guangxi Institute of Technology. This institution is a non-profit, full-time, private applied undergraduate university. The planned total investment is approximately 25 billion yuan, covering an area of about 2000 mu, with a capacity for over 25,000 full-time students. Located in the Xijiang Education Park of Guigang City, it was expected to begin enrollment in the autumn of 2019.

• Guangxi Foreign Trade and Industry Vocational College
  On February 25, 2019, Guigang City signed a cooperation agreement with Guangzhou Youdi Education Investment Co., Ltd. to jointly build Guangxi Foreign Trade and Industry Vocational College. This institution is a for-profit, full-time, private higher vocational college, located in the Xijiang Education Park of Guigang City.

• Guangxi Industrial Vocational and Technical College
  The former Guigang Vocational College was merged into Guangxi Industrial Vocational and Technical College on March 10, 2014, becoming its second campus.

8. Population

By the end of 2022, the city's total registered population was 5.651 million, a decrease of 17,000 from the end of the previous year. The permanent resident population at year-end was 4.3556 million, of which the urban population was 2.1186 million, accounting for 50.9% of the total population (urbanization rate of permanent residents).

According to the Seventh National Population Census in 2020, the city's permanent resident population was 4,316,262. Compared with the 4,118,808 people from the Sixth National Population Census, there was an increase of 197,454 people over the ten years, a growth of 4.79%, with an average annual growth rate of 0.47%. Among them, the male population was 2,243,987, accounting for 51.99% of the total population; the female population was 2,072,275, accounting for 48.01% of the total population. The sex ratio of the total population (with females as 100) was 108.29. The population aged 0-14 was 1,141,225, accounting for 26.44% of the total population; the population aged 15-59 was 2,467,774, accounting for 57.17% of the total population; the population aged 60 and above was 707,263, accounting for 16.39% of the total population, of which the population aged 65 and above was 524,919, accounting for 12.16% of the total population. The urban population was 2,158,124, accounting for 50% of the total population; the rural population was 2,158,138, accounting for 50% of the total population.

8.1 Ethnic Groups

Among the city's permanent resident population, the Han ethnic group population was 3,619,547, accounting for 83.86%; the population of various ethnic minorities was 696,715, accounting for 16.14%, of which the Zhuang ethnic group population was 616,567, accounting for 14.28%. Compared with the Sixth National Population Census in 2010, the Han ethnic group population increased by 108,722, a growth of 3.1%, with its proportion of the total population decreasing by 1.38 percentage points; the population of various ethnic minorities increased by 88,732, a growth of 14.59%, with its proportion of the total population increasing by 1.38 percentage points. Among them, the Zhuang ethnic group population increased by 78,118, a growth of 14.51%, with its proportion of the total population increasing by 1.21 percentage points; the Yao ethnic group population increased by 1,923, a growth of 3.01%, with its proportion of the total population decreasing by 0.03 percentage points.

Ethnic Composition of Guigang City (November 2020)

|Ethnic Group|Han|Zhuang|Yao|Miao|Dong|Bouyei|Mulam|Tujia|Yi|Maonan|Other Ethnic Groups| |--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--| |Population|3,619,547|616,567|65,785|5,179|2,175|1,914|1,067|918|519|508|2,083| |Percentage of Total Population (%)|83.86|14.28|1.52|0.12|0.05|0.04|0.02|0.02|0.01|0.01|0.05| |Percentage of Minority Population (%)|-|88.50|9.44|0.74|0.31|0.27|0.15|0.13|0.07|0.07|0.30|

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9. Culture

9.1 Language

9.1.1 Chinese Languages

In Guigang City, besides Modern Standard Chinese (Mandarin), the main Chinese language branches used by the Han Chinese are Yue Chinese (further divided into local Yue and non-local Yue) and Hakka (locally known as "Majie"). Additionally, there are small distributions of Min Chinese and Pinghua. Due to phonetic differences, the local Guigang dialect (i.e., Guixian dialect) has also created some "local Chinese characters," such as "妫" (mother) and "冇" (to not have). These self-created local characters mostly appear in the librettos of Shigong opera and are not commonly used in other contexts.

• Yue Chinese (Cantonese): Also known as Baihua. The local Yue dialect is commonly called Guixian dialect, now often referred to as Guigang dialect. Guixian dialect (Guigang dialect) is the main local Chinese language in Guigang City, Guangxi, belonging to the Goulou cluster of Yue Chinese. It is primarily distributed in areas that were originally part of Guixian County, such as Gangbei, Gangnan, and Qintang. Most townships in Guiping City and Pingnan County (excluding their urban areas) also belong to the Goulou cluster. Conventionally, people refer to Guigang dialect as "Guixian dialect" or "local Baihua," while the local Zhuang people call it "Kehua" (guest language). Guigang dialect differs from the Yue dialects spoken in Yulin, Rong County, Bobai, and other places, and it also has internal variations. Generally, the term "Guixian dialect" (Guigang dialect) refers to the "Jielihua" (street talk). "Jielihua" refers to the speech of residents within the old city area, specifically from East to Zhentang (Lower Street), West to Xiaojiang, South to Nanjiang, and North to Denglong Bridge. This area covers 2.1 square kilometers, with a population of about 42,000 (1950), accounting for approximately 6.8% of the county's total population at the time. About 95% of the residents were Han Chinese (1982). People in Guigang have always considered Jielihua as the authentic Guixian dialect. In reality, the differences between "Village Talk" and "Street Talk" are mainly in accent and do not hinder communication. The difference between Guigang dialect and the representative dialect of the Goulou cluster, Yulin dialect, is not significant. The main distinctions are that Yulin dialect retains more voiced initials, while Guigang dialect preserves its finals more completely. Guigang dialect has relatively clearer sounds compared to the more voiced sounds of Yulin dialect. Other Yue dialects, more widely distributed and with larger speaker populations, include Yongxun Yue, represented by the street talk of Guiping and Pingnan, mainly found in the urban areas of Guiping City and Pingnan County, with smaller distributions in surrounding townships. The Yuehai (Guangfu) cluster of Yue Chinese is less distributed, mainly found in small areas such as Da'an Town in Pingnan, major shipyards along the river in Guigang, Huanglian Street, Zhangmu Street (Neighborhood Committee), and a few streets in Muzi Town. People in other areas can also speak the aforementioned Baihua, but it is limited to communication and stage performances, not used in daily family conversations.
• Hakka: Locally known as "Majiehua." Hakka in the three districts of Guigang City is mainly distributed in market towns such as Qiaoxu, Muge, Zhanjiang, Dongjin, Watang, Batang, Donglong, Qintang, Menggong, Sanli, and Wuli. Hakka, along with Zhuang and the Guixian dialect of Yue, are the three major languages of Guigang.
• Mandarin (including Guiliu Mandarin and Putonghua): During the Republic of China period, it was called "Guanhua" and had a relatively small distribution. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, cadres and stationed troops from the south used Putonghua, primary and secondary schools implemented Putonghua teaching, and television and radio broadcasts mostly used Putonghua. People can understand Putonghua, and younger generations can speak Putonghua with a local accent.
• Min Chinese: Mostly exist as dialect islands, primarily belonging to the Quanzhang cluster of Southern Min, mainly distributed in Pingnan County and Guiping City.
• Pinghua: Mainly Southern Pinghua, distributed in villages adjacent to Binyang County, with the smallest distribution range.

9.1.2 Zhuang Language

The Zhuang population in Guigang City is 540,000, accounting for 13% of the city's total population. The Zhuang language in Guigang belongs to the Eastern Hongshuihe sub-dialect of the Northern Zhuang Hongshuihe dialect group. Its grammatical structure is basically the same as other Zhuang dialects. Located in southeastern Guangxi, Guigang has long been inhabited by both Zhuang and Han peoples. Influenced by Yue Chinese, most loanwords adopt Yue pronunciation, such as modern terms like airplane, railway, school, and people. The Zhuang language's phonetics and intonation are also somewhat influenced by Yue, making it quite different from the Zhuang spoken in southern, western, and northern Guangxi, but closer to the Zhuang spoken in Shanglin, Wuxuan, and Guiping.

The Zhuang language in Guigang can be divided into several dialect areas: Qishi, Zhongli; Donglong, Guzhang; Sanli, Qintang; Daxu, Fucheng. The grammatical features of each dialect area are basically the same, with minor differences in phonetics and intonation that do not affect communication.

9.1.3 Yao Language

The Yao language (Mien) in Guigang is mainly distributed around the Dateng Gorge in Pingnan County, such as in Guo'an Yao Ethnic Township.

9.2 Products

• Main mineral resources include the nationally top-ranked reserves of trihydrate alumina, as well as over 60 other minerals such as iron, manganese, gold, copper, antimony, limestone, dolomite, coal, kaolin, diatomite, gypsum, and mineral water.
• Forest products are mainly pine and fir.
• Major local specialties include Jiangkou bamboo ware, Guiping Xishan tea, Pingnan Tuanluo tea, Qintang Maojian tea, Guiping fragrant rice, Dongjin fine rice, Luoxiu rice noodles, Jintian Chinese yam, Shepo dried bean curd sticks, Madong lychee, Shixia longan, Qintang lotus root, Guigang red lotus root, sugarcane, red slab sugar, banana, citrus, and jackfruit.

9.3 Scenic Spots and Historical Sites

9.3.1 Immovable Cultural Relics

As of December 2018, Guigang City had registered a total of 486 immovable cultural relics.

• National Key Scenic Area: Guiping Xishan (4A-level)

• National Key Scenic Area: Guiping Longtan National Forest Park (4A-level)

• City Area: South Gate and Small South Gate

• Pingtianshan National Forest Park (3A-level)

• National Key Cultural Relics Protection Unit: Site of the Jintian Uprising of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

• Millennium-old Nanshan Temple

• Dateng Gorge Canyon Landscape

• East Lake Park

  According to the 1934 "Guixian County Annals": "East Lake, also known as East Well or Luyun Pond, commonly called Big Pond, is located one li east of the county, facing Lotus Pond across a bridge. The lake is about four li wide, with clear water and lush trees, offering serene scenery. In summer, visitors gather like clouds. It is not only a scenic spot in the county but also the largest lake in the upper reaches of the West River." The Qing Dynasty "Gujin Tushu Jicheng" (Imperial Encyclopedia) records in the Geography Section, Volume 1437, on Xunzhou Prefecture: "Strange rocks emerge, water flows beneath the stones." Song Dynasty poet Shi Cai wrote: "Deeply following the stone crevice for a thousand fathoms, coming from distant cloud peaks ten thousand li away." East Well was renamed East Lake after the Song Dynasty poet Su Dongpo inscribed the characters "East Lake." The stone stele inscribed by Su Dongpo with "East Lake" was lost after several hundred years. In 1894, Chen Lan, a native of Guixian County who had served as Provincial Administration Commissioner of Sichuan (a second-rank official in the Qing Dynasty), re-inscribed the characters "East Lake" and erected a stele at the head of the ancient Denglong Bridge. This stele was later discovered by the East Lake and is considered the "landmark" of East Lake. East Lake borders Mengtang to the east and Shantang to the west. Shantang is connected to Jingtang, Nanjian Well to the south, encircling the city area from the east, west, and north, forming a water town with a Jiangnan (south of the Yangtze) landscape. Moreover, the ponds are full of lotus roots. Every summer and autumn, lotus flowers emerge from the water, green leaves stretch to the horizon, lotuses reflect the sun, and fragrance fills the city. After autumn and winter, the lotus roots are harvested, and the sweet lotus root powder is sold overseas.

• Yiwang Pavilion

• Luobowan Han and Jin Dynasty Ancient Tombs

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Gangbei District

Guiping City

Among the city's permanent residents, the Han Chinese population is 3,619,547, accounting for 83.86%; the ethnic minority population totals 696,715, making up 16.14%, among which the Zhuang ethnic group has a population of 616,567, representing 14.28%.

Cinnamon tree

Lotus flower