Chongqing (重庆)

1. Introduction

Chongqing, abbreviated as Yu, also known as the Mountain City, River City, Foggy City, and Bridge Capital, is a municipality directly under the Central Government of the People's Republic of China, a national central city, a megacity, the central city of eastern Sichuan, a national important advanced manufacturing center, a western financial center, a western international comprehensive transportation hub, and an international gateway hub. The city covers an area of 82,400 square kilometers and administers 38 districts and counties (26 districts, 8 counties, and 4 autonomous counties). As of 2022, the city's permanent population is 32.1334 million, with an urbanization rate of 70.96%, making it the city with the largest municipal population in the world.

Located in southwestern China and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, Chongqing is the only municipality directly under the Central Government in central and western China. It serves as an important strategic pivot for the Western Development, a crucial link for the "Belt and Road" Initiative and the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and a highland for inland opening-up. Chongqing is a famous national historical and cultural city in China, with a recorded history of over 3,000 years, and is the birthplace of Ba-Shu culture. Because the Jialing River, which flows through Chongqing, was historically called the "Yu River," Chongqing is also abbreviated as "Yu." In the first year of the Chongning era of the Northern Song Dynasty (1102), Yuzhou was renamed Gongzhou. In the first month of the 16th year of the Chunxi era of the Southern Song Dynasty (1189), Zhao Dun, the son of Emperor Xiaozong, was first enfeoffed as the Prince of Gong. In the second month, he ascended the throne as Emperor Guangzong. This was called a "double celebration," so Gongzhou was elevated to Chongqing Prefecture, from which Chongqing got its name.

In 1891, Chongqing became China's earliest inland treaty port open to foreign trade. In 1929, Chongqing was officially established as a city. During the War of Resistance Against Japan, the Nationalist Government designated Chongqing as the wartime capital and permanent provisional capital. In the early years of the People's Republic of China, Chongqing was a municipality directly under the Central Government, serving as the seat of the Southwest Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and the Southwest Military and Administrative Commission, and as the political, economic, and cultural center of the Southwest region. In 1983, with the approval of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, Chongqing became the first pilot city in China for comprehensive economic system reform, implementing a separate planning system. On March 14, 1997, due to the needs of the Three Gorges Project, the Fifth Session of the Eighth National People's Congress approved the establishment of Chongqing Municipality, which was officially inaugurated on June 18.

Chongqing spans the transitional zone between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, between 28°10'–32°13' north latitude and 105°11'–110°11' east longitude. It is located in the inland southwestern part of China, in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. To the east, eastern Chongqing borders Hubei; to the southeast, it borders Hunan; to the south, it borders Guizhou; to the west, it borders Sichuan; and to the north, it borders Shaanxi. The city stretches approximately 470 kilometers from east to west and 450 kilometers from north to south, with a total area of 82,403 square kilometers. Chongqing is the largest municipality by area in China, a clustered city integrating a large urban area, vast rural areas, extensive mountainous regions, and large reservoir areas. The built-up area of the main urban district is 877.78 square kilometers.

The automobile and motorcycle industry, electronics and information industry, equipment manufacturing, pharmaceuticals and chemicals, materials industry, energy industry, and consumer goods industry are the pillar industries of Chongqing. Chongqing is the world's largest production base for laptops. The Three Gorges Dam has brought breakthrough transportation benefits to the inland region. The New International Land-Sea Trade Corridor, with Chongqing as its operational center, radiates to Southeast Asian seaports, connecting global markets through shipping. After 2022, it has covered 338 ports in 113 countries and regions. The Liangjiang New Area, located north of the Jialing River and Yangtze River in Chongqing's main urban area, is a national-level new area (the third national-level new area after Shanghai's Pudong and Tianjin's Binhai) and an important base for advanced manufacturing and modern services.

In ancient times, the Jialing River, which flowed through Chongqing, was called the Yu River, so Chongqing was historically known as Yuzhou. During the reign of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, it was renamed Gongzhou. In the second month of the 16th year of the Chunxi era (1189), Emperor Xiaozong of Song abdicated in favor of Emperor Guangzong. Guangzong was the third son of Xiaozong and had been enfeoffed as the Prince of Gong, with his fief being Gongzhou. According to the Song Dynasty system, when a feudal prince from the imperial clan ascended the throne, his original fief was called the "potential residence" and was typically elevated to a prefecture during the enthronement ceremony. Thus, in the eighth month of the same year, Gongzhou was elevated to Chongqing Prefecture. There are three existing explanations for the name "Chongqing":

• Emperor Guangzong of Song was enfeoffed in Gongzhou, which was one celebration. Later, he ascended the throne from Gongzhou, which was a second celebration, hence the name "Chongqing" (Double Celebration).
• When Emperor Guangzong ascended the throne, his grandmother, Empress Xiansheng Cilie, was still alive and was titled Empress Dowager Shousheng. His father, Emperor Xiaozong, was titled Retired Emperor. Both attended Guangzong's enthronement ceremony, so it was called "Chongqing," and Gongzhou was thus named Chongqing Prefecture.
• As recorded in the Ming Dynasty's Shuzhong Guangji·Junxian Gujin Tongshi·Chongqing Fu: "Chongqing is so named because it lies between Shaoqing and Shunqing." That is, to the south of Chongqing was Shaoqing Prefecture (governed in present-day Pengshui), and to the north was Shunqing Prefecture (governed in present-day Nanchong). Chongqing lies between them, hence the name "Chongqing."

nix

2. Main History

3.1 Ancient Era

During the pre-Qin period, the feudal state of Ba established its capitals successively at Zhi, Jiangzhou, and Dianjiang in the area of present-day Chongqing. In the fifth year of King Shenjing of Zhou and the ninth year of King Huiwen of Qin (316 BCE), after Zhang Yi entered Shu and destroyed Ba, he stationed troops at Jiangzhou and built Jiangzhou City. The city site was near today's Chaotianmen at the confluence of the Yangtze and Jialing Rivers in Yuzhong District. This marks the historically recorded beginning of Chongqing's establishment as a city, with a history of 2,339 years to date. Later, the Qin dynasty divided the empire into 36 commanderies, with Ba Commandery being one of them. During the Han dynasty, Ba Commandery was called Jiangzhou and was under the jurisdiction of the Inspectorate of Yi Province. Throughout the Three Kingdoms, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties periods, Ba Commandery was successively a subordinate unit of Jing Province, Yi Province, Ba Province (Xin Province), and Chu Province.

In the first year of the Kaihuang era of Emperor Wen of Sui (581 CE), due to the Yu River encircling the city, Chu Province was renamed Yu Province, subordinate to Xin Province. This is the origin of Chongqing's abbreviated name "Yu." The Tang dynasty continued the designation "Yu Province," which was under the jurisdiction of the Kuizhou Dudufu of the Jiannan Circuit. In the Song dynasty, it was under the jurisdiction of the Kuizhou Circuit. In the first year of the Chongning era (1102 CE), Yu Province was renamed Gong Province. In the 16th year of the Chunxi era (1189 CE), Emperor Xiaozong of Song abdicated in favor of Emperor Guangzong. As Emperor Guangzong had first been enfeoffed as the Prince of Gong before ascending the throne, he considered it a "double celebration" (Chongqing), and thus elevated it to Chongqing Prefecture. From this point, Chongqing has borne its name for over 800 years. In the second year of the Jingding era of the Southern Song (1261 CE), corresponding to the second year of the Zhongtong era of the Great Mongol State, Mongol forces captured Chengdu, and Song troops retreated to defend Chongqing. Peng Daya was appointed as the prefect of Chongqing. For defensive needs, Peng Daya exerted great effort to expand and repair Chongqing City, extending it north to the banks of the Jialing River and west to the line of present-day Linjiangmen and Tongyuanmen. The area was roughly twice as large as the Jiangzhou City expanded by Li Yan, establishing the general layout of the ancient city of Chongqing that persisted through the Ming and Qing dynasties. During the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, the designation Chongqing Prefecture continued, under the jurisdiction of entities such as the Sichuan Branch Secretariat, the Sichuan Provincial Administration Commission, the Sichuan Governor, and the Viceroy of Sichuan.

3.2 Qing Dynasty Treaty Port Era

On September 13, 1876, using the "Margary Affair" as a pretext, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-British Treaty of Yantai, which stipulated that Britain could station a consul in Chongqing. On March 31, 1890, China and Britain signed the Additional Article to the Revised Treaty of Yantai, confirming Chongqing as a treaty port. Subsequently, British merchants opened a steamship route from Yichang to Chongqing. On March 1, 1891, the Chongqing Customs was established near Chaotianmen.

In 1895, the Qing Empire was defeated by Japan in the First Sino-Japanese War. According to the Treaty of Shimonoseki signed in April of that year, Chongqing in Sichuan became one of China's first inland treaty ports opened to Japan. Concurrently, Britain and France established their respective legation quarters in Chongqing and jointly forcibly demarcated areas for stationing troops and settling their nationals. France established a naval dock and barracks near Danzishi in Nan'an District around 1901. In 1902, Tsarist Russia established the Russian Legation on Pipashan in Yuzhong District. In 1912, Germany established the German Legation on Nanshan in Nan'an District.

3.3 Republic of China Period

In 1911 (the third year of the Xuantong reign), due to the suspension of the Chengdu-Chongqing Railway construction project, the Railway Protection Movement erupted, shocking China and the world. In 1913, the Sichuan Military Government abolished prefectures and established circuits to oversee counties. Chongqing Prefecture was abolished, and the Eastern Sichuan Circuit was established. In 1921 (the tenth year of the Republic of China), Liu Xiang established the Chongqing Commercial Port Superintendency Office in Chongqing, appointing Yang Sen as superintendent to prepare for municipal administration. At that time, the urban area of Chongqing was undefined; it provisionally used the county seat of Ba County (part of today's Yuzhong Peninsula) and nearby residential areas of the former Jiangbei County as its jurisdiction. In 1922 (the eleventh year of the Republic of China), the Commercial Port Superintendency Office was renamed the Municipal Affairs Office. In 1926 (the fifteenth year of the Republic of China), it was changed again to the Commercial Port Superintendency Office, expanding the urban area and initiating urban construction. In 1927 (the sixteenth year of the Republic of China), the Commercial Port Superintendency Office was changed to the Municipal Government, with Pan Wenhua as mayor. An area of 30 li along both banks upstream and downstream of the two rivers was designated as the city area, but without clear boundaries.

In 1929 (the eighteenth year of the Republic of China), Chongqing was separated from Ba County and officially established as a city. It was designated as a second-class, grade B provincial city under the jurisdiction of Sichuan Province by the Nationalist Government, with Pan Wenhua as its first mayor. From 1916 to 1935, before being elevated to a directly-controlled municipality, the provincial administrative offices of Sichuan (including the Governor's Office, the Military Governor's Office, and the Provincial Government) were set up in Chongqing seven times, making it the de facto political center of Sichuan Province at the time. In 1936, it was reorganized into a first-class directly-controlled municipality managed by Sichuan Province on behalf of the central government (i.e., a centrally-administered municipality managed by the region), and it also administered the Tongzi and Zunyi areas of Guizhou Province.

3.4 Chongqing Municipality during the Republic of China Period

Shortly after the Battle of Shanghai began in July 1937, the National Revolutionary Army found itself in a passive position. To prevent chaos if the capital fell, the Nationalist Government issued the "Declaration of the Nationalist Government's Move to Chongqing" in November 1937, designating Chongqing in Sichuan as the wartime capital. On the 16th, Chairman of the Nationalist Government Lin Sen, following the plan to move the capital, instructed officials from the Civil Service and Adjutant General departments to inventory important items such as the Republic of China's seals and banners, and boarded a ship overnight, leaving Nanjing first for Chongqing. Official operations began on December 1, a mere 13 days before Japanese forces captured Nanjing. Chongqing officially became the capital on December 11, 1937. In September 1937, Sichuan Army troops under Liu Xiang stationed in Chongqing entered the Japanese concession and announced its recovery. In 1938, the embassies of Britain, the United States, France, Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland to the Republic of China moved to Chongqing. In 1940, Chongqing was again designated as the permanent provisional capital. In December 1941, the Republic of China government in Chongqing issued a document declaring war on Nazi Germany, leading to the closure of the German embassy. Also in December 1941, the Korean Provisional Government moved its offices to present-day Yuzhong District, making Chongqing its temporary seat from 1941 to 1945.

On May 5, 1939 (the twenty-eighth year of the Republic of China), the Nanjing Nationalist Government issued an order elevating Chongqing to a first-class centrally-administered municipality (i.e., a directly-controlled municipality). Its jurisdiction roughly corresponded to present-day Chongqing's main urban area, while Beibei City (today's Beibei District) served as the location for the Executive Yuan and the provisional government. From 1937 to 1944, Chongqing served as the wartime capital of the Republic of China. Tens of thousands of enterprises and schools, along with nearly ten thousand tons of gold, were relocated to Chongqing, making it China's political, economic, and cultural center during the war, as well as the Far East command center for the anti-fascist war. Additionally, combat aircraft of the National Revolutionary Army Air Force and the American Volunteer Group "Flying Tigers" were once stationed in Chongqing. During the War of Resistance, Chongqing organized 620,000 Sichuan Army troops, accounting for more than half of the total Sichuan Army forces, making it the absolute main force. Among the 57 divisions that fought outside Sichuan, more than half consisted of soldiers from the Jialing Circuit.

From February 18, 1938, to December 19, 1944, Japan conducted strategic bombing of the provisional capital Chongqing for six and a half years. The June 5, 1941, tunnel tragedy caused nearly a thousand civilian deaths.

After the victory in the War of Resistance in 1945, to avoid civil war, the Nationalist Government negotiated with the Chinese Communist Party in Chongqing, historically known as the "Chongqing Negotiations." As a follow-up to the negotiations, the "Jiaochangkou Incident" occurred on February 10, 1946, during the Political Consultative Conference held in Chongqing.

On September 2, 1949, a fire at Chaotianmen in Chongqing burned for eighteen hours, killing over 2,000 people. On the ninth of the same month, a major fire in Nan'an District destroyed over eighty households. On October 11, 1949, a presidential order announced that the government would move to Chongqing for a second time and begin operations on October 15. On October 13, 1949, Acting President Li Zongren flew from Guangzhou to Guilin, while heads of the Executive Yuan moved from Guangzhou to Chongqing. On October 15, 1949, it was announced that the Republic of China government had officially begun operations in Chongqing. On October 18, 1949, a welcome meeting was held by various circles for the government's move to Chongqing. On November 1, 1949, the Battle of Nanquan, in which the People's Liberation Army captured Chongqing, began. On November 27, 1949, directly authorized by the Kuomintang Central Committee, the Central Bureau of Investigation and Statistics carried out a "final solution" against Communist political prisoners held at Zhazidong and Baigongguan, executing over 400, an event known as the "Chongqing November 27th Incident." On November 28, 1949, the Republic of China government moved from Chongqing to Chengdu.

3.5 People's Republic of China Period

On November 30, 1949, the People's Liberation Army entered Chongqing. It subsequently became the seat of the Southwest Military and Administrative Committee (abolished a year and a half later), serving as a centrally-administered municipality under the management of the Southwest Greater Administrative Region, which was also headquartered in Chongqing at the time. In June 1952, after two years of intensive construction, the Chengdu-Chongqing Railway, connecting the provincial capital of Sichuan, Chengdu, with the then centrally-administered municipality of Chongqing, was completed. It became the first railway line built after 1949. Liu Bocheng, Chairman of the Southwest Military and Administrative Committee, commended the Southwest Railway Engineering Bureau for completing the Chengdu-Chongqing line in two years, fulfilling the Sichuan people's 40-year wish for a railway. Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, personally inscribed: "Celebrate the opening of the Chengdu-Chongqing Railway; continue striving to build the Tiancheng Railway."

In July 1954, the Southwest Greater Administrative Region and the Eastern Sichuan Administrative District were abolished. The capital of the Eastern Sichuan Administrative District, Beibei City, was merged into Chongqing. Chongqing Municipality was downgraded from a centrally-administered municipality to a provincial city and reincorporated into Sichuan Province.

In 1964, following the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, the Third Front Construction began, with Chongqing becoming a core city. From 1964 to 1968, over 270,000 Third Front employees were relocated from Shanghai, Jiangsu, Northeast China, and other places to Chongqing, accounting for more than a quarter of Chongqing's industrial workforce at the time. In 1965 and 1979, the nationally key Third Front railway projects, the Sichuan-Guizhou Railway and the Xiangyang-Chongqing Railway, were opened to traffic successively. In 1975, the number of relocated employees from the Third Front construction in Chongqing's main urban area peaked at 435,000, constituting one-quarter of the city's population at the time.In 1983, eight counties from the Yongchuan region were incorporated into Chongqing, making it a city with independent planning status. In 1992, Chongqing was designated as an open city along the Yangtze River. In September 1996, the central government approved Chongqing to administer Wanxian City, Fuling City, and Qianjiang Prefecture on behalf of Sichuan Province.

On March 14, 1997, the Fifth Session of the Eighth National People's Congress reviewed and passed the proposal to merge the original Chongqing City, Wanxian City, Fuling City, and Qianjiang Prefecture of Sichuan Province into the Chongqing Municipality directly under the central government. On June 18 of the same year, the government institutions of the Chongqing Municipality were officially re-established. This administrative division adjustment is considered to be related to the planned but ultimately shelved Three Gorges Province, which was intended to be established due to the Three Gorges Project.

In October 2005, the Fifth Asia-Pacific Cities Summit was held in Chongqing, designating Chongqing as the permanent host city. A total of 123 cities from 41 countries and regions participated in the summit.

On January 16, 2009, the State Council issued the "Several Opinions of the State Council on Promoting the Coordinated Urban-Rural Reform and Development of Chongqing" (State Council Document No. 3, 2009), designating Chongqing as a "National Pilot Zone for Comprehensive Coordinated Urban-Rural Reform." This allowed Chongqing to take the lead in pilot reforms on institutional issues related to urban-rural coordination, such as the conversion of agricultural to non-agricultural household registration.

On June 18, 2010, the Chongqing Liangjiang New Area was officially established as an economic management zone. This marked China's third national-level development zone, following Pudong and Binhai.

On March 31, 2017, the State Council approved the establishment of the China (Chongqing) Pilot Free Trade Zone.

3. Geography

Chongqing spans the transitional zone between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, located between 28°10'–32°13' north latitude and 105°11'–110°11' east longitude. Situated in the inland southwestern part of China and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, Chongqing borders Hubei to the east, Hunan to the southeast, Guizhou to the south, Sichuan to the west, and Shaanxi to the northeast. The municipality stretches 470 kilometers from east to west and 450 kilometers from north to south, covering a total area of 82,403 square kilometers. Chongqing is China's largest municipality by area, comparable in size to a province. It is a cluster-type city integrating a large metropolis, vast rural areas, extensive mountainous regions, and major reservoir areas. The built-up area of its main urban districts is 877.78 square kilometers.

4.1 Topography

The main urban area of Chongqing lies in the valley where the Yangtze River and Jialing River converge. Within this area, Yuzhong District is predominantly mountainous, while Yubei District and Jiangbei District north of the Jialing River are mainly plains. The urban area of Beibei District in the west, the Huxi and Xiyong areas of Shapingba District, and the Baishiyi area of Jiulongpo District are also primarily plains. Nan'an District and Banan District south of the Yangtze River are likewise dominated by flat terrain. The entire municipality of Chongqing is located in the eastern Sichuan region, surrounded by the Daba Mountains, Wu Mountains, Wuling Mountains, and Dalou Mountains to the north, east, and south. Its topography is characterized by hills and mountains, with the land sloping downward stepwise towards the Yangtze River valley from north to south. The large proportion of sloping land has earned Chongqing the nickname "Mountain City."

4.2 Rivers

Chaotianmen Yangtze River Bridge at the confluence of the two rivers The major rivers flowing through Chongqing include the Yangtze River, Jialing River, Wu River, Fu River, Qi River, and Daning River. The main stream of the Yangtze River traverses the entire municipality from west to east over a course of 665 kilometers, cutting through three anticlines of the Wu Mountains to form the Qutang Gorge, Wu Gorge, and Xiling Gorge (located within Hubei Province), collectively known as the Three Gorges of the Yangtze. The Yangtze and Jialing Rivers flow through the main urban area of Chongqing and converge at Chaotianmen in Yuzhong District; these two rivers are jointly referred to as the "Two Rivers."

4.3 Ecology

Within Chongqing's territory, there are 5 species of nationally protected first-class plants, 22 species of second-class protected plants, and 25 species of third-class protected plants. The municipality has established 31 nature reserves, 49 forest parks, and 42 scenic areas of various types, with a forest coverage rate of approximately 35%. Chongqing faces issues such as soil erosion, reduction in forest area, irrational utilization of mineral resources, and ecological imbalance in rural areas. The ecology of Chongqing's districts and counties is impacted by the Three Gorges Project. After the construction of the Three Gorges Dam, rising water levels submerged land, leading to land loss, damage to biological habitats, and altered geological structures. The long-term ecological impact on Chongqing's districts and counties remains uncertain. Between 2005 and 2008, Chongqing experienced consecutive droughts and floods, with some viewpoints linking these disasters to the Three Gorges Project.

The main urban area of Chongqing is a heavy industrial city. Combined with its unique geographical environment, Chongqing once faced severe air pollution, particularly in the main urban area. Furthermore, pollution from vehicle emissions, driven by economic development, has emerged as a new environmental issue. In response, Chongqing has vigorously developed its public transportation system. Since 2000, the main urban area has shut down or relocated numerous heavily polluting industrial and mining enterprises and extensively planted greenery, resulting in significant improvements in the environment and air quality.

Although Chongqing is nestled among mountains and rivers, widespread factories in the past, coupled with inadequate environmental management, historically led to severe urban pollution and poor air quality. Previously, the Chongqing municipal government initiated a project called "Forest Chongqing," aiming to become one of China's "Top Ten Most Livable Cities" within a decade. Through vigorous environmental governance and ecological improvement measures in recent years, Chongqing has become one of China's major cities with the highest number of days with good air quality.

4.4 Climate

Chongqing has a subtropical monsoon climate, with an annual average temperature ranging from approximately 14°C to 20°C. The main urban area has an annual average temperature of 18.8°C, while Youyang Tujia Autonomous County in the southeast averages 15.2°C, and Chengkou in the northeast, at a higher altitude, averages only 14.1°C. The average temperature in the urban area during the hottest month ranges from 26°C to 29°C, and during the coldest month from 6°C to 9°C. Temperatures generally decrease from the western river valleys and areas along the rivers towards the northeast and southeast. From 1951 to 2023, Chongqing recorded 130 days with maximum temperatures ≥40°C, ranking first among China's provincial capital-level major cities and earning it a place as one of the "Three Furnaces."

Chongqing receives relatively abundant annual precipitation, with most areas receiving between 1,000 and 1,350 millimeters. Heavy rainfall is common, concentrated mainly from May to September, accounting for about 70% of the annual total. Influenced by the Qinghai-Tibet High and the subtropical high, droughts lasting 30 to 50 days often occur in July and August. The annual average relative humidity in Chongqing mostly ranges from 70% to 80%, classifying it as a high-humidity region in China. Chongqing receives only about 1,000 hours of annual sunshine, with a sunshine percentage of merely 20% to 25%, making it one of the regions with the least sunshine in China. Sunshine is even scarcer in autumn and winter, accounting for only about 25% of the annual total. Due to its numerous river valleys and relatively developed heavy industry, Chongqing experiences frequent fog, with an annual average of 104 foggy days, earning it the nickname "Fog City."

| Chongqing Shapingba District Meteorological Data (Averages 1991–2020, Extremes 1951–present) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------|-------|-------|----------| | Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | | Record high °C (°F) | 18.8 | 27.6 | 34 | 36.5 | 38.9 | 39.8 | 42 | 43.7 | 42 | 37.4 | 29.6 | 21.5 | 43.7 | | | (65.8)| (81.7)| (93.2)| (97.7)| (102.0)| (103.6)| (107.6)| (110.7)| (107.6)| (99.3)| (85.3)| (70.7)| (110.7) | | Average high °C (°F) | 10.4 | 13.6 | 18.6 | 23.9 | 27.4 | 29.8 | 33.7 | 33.9 | 28.5 | 22.0 | 17.3 | 11.7 | 22.6 | | | (50.7)| (56.5)| (65.5)| (75.0)| (81.3)| (85.6) | (92.7) | (93.0) | (83.3) | (71.6)| (63.1)| (53.1)| (72.6) | | Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.1 | 10.4 | 14.5 | 19.2 | 22.6 | 25.4 | 28.9 | 28.9 | 24.4 | 18.9 | 14.5 | 9.5 | 18.8 | | | (46.6)| (50.7)| (58.1)| (66.6)| (72.7)| (77.7) | (84.0) | (84.0) | (75.9) | (66.0)| (58.1)| (49.1)| (65.8) |8 | | | -46.6 | -50.7 | -58.1 | -66.6 | -72.7 | -77.7 | -84 | -84 | -75.9 | -66 | -58.1 | -49.1 | -65.8 | | Average low °C (°F) | 6.4 | 8.3 | 11.7 | 16 | 19.4 | 22.4 | 25.4 | 25.3 | 21.5 | 16.8 | 12.5 | 8 | 16.1 | | | -43.5 | -46.9 | -53.1 | -60.8 | -66.9 | -72.3 | -77.7 | -77.5 | -70.7 | -62.2 | -54.5 | -46.4 | -61 | | Record low °C (°F) | −1.8 | −0.8 | 1.2 | 2.8 | 10.8 | 15.5 | 19.2 | 17.8 | 14.3 | 6.9 | 0.7 | −1.7 | −1.8 | | | -28.8 | -30.6 | -34.2 | -37 | -51.4 | -59.9 | -66.6 | -64 | -57.7 | -44.4 | -33.3 | -28.9 | -28.8 | | Average precipitation mm (inches) | 20.7 | 22.4 | 55.6 | 103.4 | 142.5 | 212.1 | 174.2 | 125.7 | 124.7 | 95.3 | 50.4 | 24.7 | 1,151.70 | | | -0.81 | -0.88 | -2.19 | -4.07 | -5.61 | -8.35 | -6.86 | -4.95 | -4.91 | -3.75 | -1.98 | -0.97 | -45.33 | | Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 10 | 8.9 | 11.5 | 13.6 | 16 | 16 | 11.3 | 11.5 | 12.6 | 15.8 | 11.3 | 10.6 | 149.1 | | Average relative humidity (%) | 82 | 78 | 75 | 75 | 76 | 79 | 73 | 70 | 77 | 84 | 83 | 84 | 78 | | Mean monthly sunshine hours | 16.6 | 32.9 | 72.8 | 105.8 | 109.7 | 98.7 | 169.3 | 175.2 | 102.6 | 46.6 | 35 | 18 | 983.2 | | Percent possible sunshine | 5 | 10 | 19 | 27 | 26 | 24 | 40 | 43 | 28 | 13 | 11 | 6 | 21 | | Average ultraviolet index | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 8 | | Source: China Meteorological Administration, historical high temperature records, Weather Atlas website (ultraviolet index) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

4.5 Mineral Resources

The mineral resources in Chongqing are primarily non-metallic, with substantial reserves. Among the non-metallic resources, there are over 20 main types, including coal, natural gas, limestone, gypsum, rock salt, dolomite, barite, quartzite, and kaolinite. There is also a considerable variety of metallic minerals: iron, strontium, barium, mercury, manganese, and tungsten.

Coal is widely distributed yet relatively concentrated in Chongqing. It is mostly found in the Paleozoic strata of mountain axes and their flanks, predominantly distributed in the Nantong, Yongrong, and Huaying Mountain coalfields, as well as three coal accumulation areas in eastern, southeastern, and northeastern Chongqing. The proven coal reserves exceed 3 billion tons, with the city's maximum annual coal production reaching 4,100 tons. The five major state-owned coal mining areas in Chongqing are Nantong, Songzao, Yongrong, Tianfu, and Zhongliang Mountain. Iron ore mainly consists of hematite and siderite (primarily composed of ferrous carbonate), with relatively low iron content and challenging extraction and processing. The proven reserves are over 300 million tons. Chongqing's natural gas belongs to the Eastern Sichuan and Southern Sichuan gas fields. The proven reserves amount to 260 billion cubic meters, characterized by higher quantities in the east than the west, more in the north than the south, high production volume, high pressure, and high sulfur content. The annual natural gas extraction in Chongqing reaches 5.6 billion cubic meters, with the Wolonghe gas field in Changshou District and Dianjiang District being the largest producer. The reserves of the Southern Sichuan gas field within Chongqing are relatively small.

Limestone is mainly distributed in low mountainous areas such as Geleshan, Nanwenquan, Yongchuan Shuikoushan, and Jiangjin Mao'erxia, as well as anticlinal regions in the eastern and southern mountainous areas. Rock salt deposits are found in areas like Zhongxian and Yunyang. Barium ore is located in Chengkou, while manganese, tungsten, and mercury ores are found in Xiushan. Gypsum deposits exist in Yubei, and barite deposits are in Pengshui and Qianjiang. Additionally, strontium ore is found in Hechuan and Tongliang. The aforementioned mineral resources provide favorable conditions for Chongqing's industrial development.

4. Administrative Divisions

5.1 Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty, and Early Republican Period

From the Ming and Qing dynasties until the 24th year of the Republic of China (1935), the seat of Chongqing Prefecture was located in its leading county, Ba County. The Eastern Sichuan Circuit, Chongqing Prefecture, and Ba County were all situated within the same city. Within the city walls, administrative units called dang, fang, and xiang were established. During the Ming Dynasty, the city interior was divided into 8 fang and 2 xiang. The 8 fang within the city were: Taiping Fang, Renshou Fang, Bixian Fang, Anjing Fang, Tongyuan Fang, Longtai Fang, Zhongxiao Fang, and Xuanhua Fang. The 2 attached xiang were: Neijiang Xiang and Waijiang Xiang. In the Qing Dynasty, during the 46th year of the Kangxi Emperor's reign (1707), the city interior was reorganized into several dang, each governing several fang, totaling 29 fang. The areas near the city were reorganized into 15 xiang.

During the Ming Dynasty, Chongqing Prefecture also administered areas corresponding to present-day Wusheng County in Sichuan Province (originally part of Chongqing Prefecture, known as Dingyuan County), Luzhou City, Jiang'an County, Naxi County, Hejiang County (Luzhou of Chongqing Prefecture, including its three subordinate counties), Kaijiang County (originally part of Kuizhou Prefecture and later Chongqing Prefecture, known as Xinning County), Dazhou City (originally part of Kuizhou Prefecture and later Chongqing Prefecture, known as Da County), Xuanhan County (originally part of Kuizhou Prefecture and later Chongqing Prefecture, known as Dongxiang County), Wanyuan County (originally part of Kuizhou Prefecture and later Chongqing Prefecture, known as Taiping County), and present-day Jianshi County in Hubei Province (originally part of Kuizhou Prefecture and later Chongqing Prefecture).

In the mid-to-late Qing Dynasty and the early Republican period, the area under Chongqing Prefecture, comprising 11 counties, 2 departments (zhou), and 1 sub-prefecture (ting), was collectively known as the "Fourteen Dependencies of Chongqing." These included 11 counties: Ba County, Jiangjin County, Changshou County, Yongchuan County, Rongchang County, Qijiang County, Nanchuan County, Tongliang County, Dazu County, Bishan County, and Dingyuan County; 2 departments: Hezhou and Fuzhou; and 1 sub-prefecture: Jiangbei Ting. Currently, all except Dingyuan County are within the jurisdiction of present-day Chongqing Municipality.

5.2 Republic of China Period

In 1946, as the then capital of the Republic of China, before the National Government returned to Nanjing, Chongqing City administered 18 districts. On October 15, 1949, the National Government moved its offices back to Chongqing, reoccupying its original site on Guofu Road. The Chongqing Municipal Government then relocated from Guofu Road to the Shulou building on Zhongshan Second Road (now the site of the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University).

5.3 People's Republic of China Period

In April 1950, the Chongqing Municipal People's Government decided to merge the original 18 districts into 7 districts. Adding the Eighth District, which was restructured from the Beibei Administrative Office, made a total of 8 districts. In January 1951, the Southwest Military and Administrative Committee decided to transfer the Eighth District (Beibei) of Chongqing to the Eastern Sichuan Administrative District, establishing Beibei City. It also transferred Ba County from the Bishan Special District of the Eastern Sichuan Administrative District to Chongqing City. Simultaneously, seven townships under the Fourth District (Qingmu District) of Ba County—Qingmu, Fenghuang, Tongxing, Jingkou, Caijia, and Xiema—were transferred to Beibei City. In June 1951 and April 1952, Zhuanlong Township and Qingmu Township from Bishan County were also transferred to Beibei City. Chongqing City then administered 7 districts and 1 county. On September 27, 1952, the Southwest Military and Administrative Committee issued an order transferring Qijiang County and Jiangbei County from the Jiangjin Special District, and Changshou County from the Fuling Special District, to Chongqing City. In August 1952, the Chongqing Municipal People's Government decided to merge the Seventh District into the Sixth District. However, due to the inconvenience of management caused by the separation by the Yangtze River, the merger decision was revoked in early October. In October, the administrative divisions of Chongqing's districts were adjusted, resulting in 5 districts and 4 counties.

In January 1953, Beibei City, originally part of Sichuan Province, was transferred to Chongqing City and redesignated as Chongqing's Sixth District in March. Ba County, Qijiang County, and Jiangbei County were transferred to the Jiangjin Special District of Sichuan Province, and Changshou County was transferred to the Fuling Special District of Sichuan Province. Yudong Town from Chongqing's Fourth District and Qingmu, Fenghuang, Xinglong, and Guankou townships from the former Beibei City were transferred to Ba County, and the Ba County People's Government moved its seat to Yudong Town. In May, Renhe, Longxi, and Dashi townships from Chongqing's Second District were transferred to Jiangbei County. Chongqing City then administered 6 districts.

In July 1954, the Southwest Greater Administrative Region and the Eastern Sichuan Administrative District were abolished. The seat of the Eastern Sichuan Administrative District, Beibei City, was merged into Chongqing. Chongqing's status was downgraded from a municipality directly under the central government to a city under the province and was reincorporated into Sichuan Province. In January 1955, with State Council approval, 26 townships and 1 town were carved out from Nanchuan County and Qijiang County in Sichuan Province and Tongzi County in Guizhou Province to establish the Nantong Mining District, under the jurisdiction of Chongqing City. In August, the Nantong Mining District was officially established. Chongqing City then administered 7 districts. In October of the same year, following the "Organic Law of Local People's Committees," the Chongqing Municipal People's Government and the district people's governments were renamed People's Committees. Simultaneously, the Municipal People's Committee decided that, except for the Nantong Mining District, the designations of the city's districts would change from numerical order to names based on their locations. The First District was renamed the Central District; the Second District became Jiangbei District; the Third District became Shapingba District; the Fourth District became Jiulongpo District; the Fifth District became Nan'an District; and the Sixth District became Beibei District. In early 1959, the Sichuan Provincial People's Committee officially approved the transfer of Ba County and Qijiang County from the Jiangjin Special District and Changshou County from the Fuling Special District to Chongqing City. Chongqing City then administered 7 districts and 3 counties: Central District, Jiangbei District, Shapingba District, Jiulongpo District, Nan'an District, Beibei District, Nantong Mining District; Ba County, Qijiang County, Changshou County.

In February 1965, the Chongqing Municipal People's Committee decided to carve out the jurisdictions of the three sub-district offices—Jiugongmiao, Xinshancun, and Yuejincun—from Jiulongpo District to establish Dadukou District separately. In December, Chongqing Dadukou District was officially established. Chongqing City then administered 8 districts and 3 counties. In March 1975, the State Council decided to carve out the entire Shuanglu Commune and parts of Yuantong and Tuqiao communes from Dazu County in the Jiangjin Prefecture to establish Shuangqiao District, under the jurisdiction of Chongqing City. Chongqing City then administered 9 districts and 3 counties. In January 1976, the Sichuan Provincial Revolutionary Committee decided to transfer Jiangbei County from the Jiangjin Prefecture to Chongqing City. Chongqing City then administered 9 districts and 4 counties. In March 1980, the administrative leadership organs of Chongqing City and its subordinate districts and counties gradually resumed the name "People's Government." On March 3, 1983, the eight counties and Huayun Workers-Peasants District under the former Yongchuan Prefecture were transferred to the jurisdiction of Chongqing City. On September 9, 1983, the Huayun Workers-Peasants District was transferred back to the jurisdiction of the Nanchong Prefecture. In April 1993, Nantong Mining District was renamed Wansheng District. In December 1994, the Central District was renamed Yuzhong District; Jiangbei County and Ba County were abolished, and Yubei District and Banan District were established.

Administrative Divisions Before the Establishment of Chongqing Municipality | Prefecture-level Division | Chongqing City | Fuling City | Wanxian City | Qianjiang Prefecture | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Subordinate County-level Divisions | Former Main Urban Area (Central District, Jiangbei County, Ba County): Yuzhong District, Yubei District, Jiangbei District, Banan District, Nan'an District, Shapingba District, Jiulongpo District, Dadukou District; Former Yongchuan Prefecture: Jiangjin City, Yongchuan County, Bishan County, Dazu County, Shuangqiao District, Rongchang County, Hechuan County, Tongliang County, Tongnan County; Others: Changshou County, Wansheng District, Qijiang County | Zhicheng District, Lidou District, Wulong County, Fengdu County, Dianjiang County, Nanchuan City | Longbao District, Tiancheng District, Wuqiao District, Kai County, Liangping County, Zhong County, Yunyang County, Fengjie County, Wushan County, Wuxi County, Chengkou County | Shizhu Tujia Autonomous County, Pengshui Miao and Tujia Autonomous County, Qianjiang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County, Youyang Tujia Autonomous County, Xiushan Tujia Autonomous County |

On March 14, 1997, during the Fifth Session of the Eighth National People's Congress, a proposal was reviewed and passed to merge the former Sichuan Province's Chongqing City, Wanxian City, Fuling City, and Qianjiang Prefecture to establish Chongqing Municipality directly under the central government. The prefecture-level Wanxian City and its districts Longbao, Tiancheng, and Wuqiao were abolished, establishing Chongqing's Wanxian District to administer the former administrative areas of Wanxian City's Longbao, Tiancheng, and Wuqiao districts. The Wanxian Migration Development Zone was established to administer on behalf of the former prefecture-level Wanxian City's administrative areas (except for Liangping County, which was directly under Chongqing Municipality). The prefecture-level Fuling City and its districts Zhicheng and Lidou were abolished, establishing Chongqing's Fuling District to administer the former administrative areas of Fuling City's Zhicheng and Lidou districts. The counties formerly under Fuling City were placed directly under Chongqing Municipality. Qianjiang Prefecture was abolished, and the Qianjiang Development Zone was established to administer on behalf of the former Qianjiang Prefecture's administrative areas. On June 18 of the same year, the government organs of Chongqing Municipality were officially inaugurated.

In May 1998, the State Council approved the renaming of Chongqing's Wanxian District to Chongqing's Wanzhou District, and the Wanxian Migration Development Zone was renamed the Wanzhou Migration Development Zone. In June 2000, the State Council approved the abolition of Qianjiang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County and the establishment of Chongqing's Qianjiang District. In July 2000, the State Council approved the abolition of the Wanzhou Migration Development Zone and the Qianjiang Development Zone; the districts and counties they administered on behalf were placed directly under Chongqing Municipality.

In December 2001, the State Council approved the abolition of Changshou County and the establishment of Chongqing's Changshou District.

In October 2006, the State Council approved the abolition of Jiangjin City, Hechuan City, Yongchuan City, and Nanchuan City, and the establishment of Chongqing's Jiangjin District, Hechuan District, Yongchuan District, and Nanchuan District.

In October 2011, the State Council approved Chongqing's adjustment of some administrative divisions: abolishing Wansheng District and Qijiang County to establish Chongqing's Qijiang District; abolishing Shuangqiao District and Dazu County to establish Chongqing's Dazu District. Consequently, Chongqing's original 40 districts and counties were reduced to 38. Subsequently, Chongqing established the Wansheng Economic and Technological Development Zone and the Shuangqiao Economic and Technological Development Zone, setting up Development Zone Management Committees as full-department-level dispatched agencies of the municipal government to manage urban construction, sub-districts, towns, and other affairs.

In May 2014, the State Council approved the abolition of Bishan County and Tongliang County and the establishment of Chongqing's Bishan District and Tongliang District.

In April 2015, the State Council approved the abolition of Tongnan County and Rongchang County and the establishment of Chongqing's Tongnan District and Rongchang District.

In June 2016, the State Council approved the abolition of Kai County and the establishment of Chongqing's Kaizhou District. In November 2016, the State Council approved the abolition of Liangping County and Wulong County and the establishment of Chongqing's Liangping District and Wulong District.

5.4 Current Administrative DivisionsChongqing Municipality currently administers 26 districts, 8 counties, and 4 autonomous counties; 1,031 township-level administrative divisions, including 625 towns, 147 townships, 14 ethnic townships, and 245 subdistricts.

• Districts: Wanzhou District, Fuling District, Yuzhong District, Dadukou District, Jiangbei District, Shapingba District, Jiulongpo District, Nan'an District, Beibei District, Qijiang District, Dazu District, Yubei District, Ba'nan District, Qianjiang District, Changshou District, Jiangjin District, Hechuan District, Yongchuan District, Nanchuan District, Bishan District, Tongliang District, Tongnan District, Rongchang District, Kaizhou District, Liangping District, Wulong District
• Counties: Chengkou County, Fengdu County, Dianjiang County, Zhong County, Yunyang County, Fengjie County, Wushan County, Wuxi County
• Autonomous Counties: Shizhu Tujia Autonomous County, Xiushan Tujia and Miao Autonomous County, Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County, Pengshui Miao and Tujia Autonomous County

| Division Code[62] | Division Name | Chinese Pinyin | Area[Note 1] (km²) | Resident Population[Note 2][63] | Government Seat | Subdistricts | Towns | Townships | Ethnic Townships | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | 500000 | Chongqing Municipality | Chóngqìng Shì | 82,374.09 | 32,054,159 | Yuzhong District | 228 | 629 | 158 | 14 | | — Districts — | | | | | | | | | | | 500101 | Wanzhou District | Wànzhōu Qū | 3,456.38 | 1,564,449 | Chenjiaba Subdistrict | 11 | 29 | 10 | 2 | | 500102 | Fuling District | Fúlíng Qū | 2,942.34 | 1,115,016 | Lizhi Subdistrict | 9 | 12 | 6 | | | 500103 | Yuzhong District | Yúzhōng Qū | 23.24 | 588,717 | Qixinggang Subdistrict | 11 | | | | | 500104 | Dadukou District | Dàdùkǒu Qū | 102.67 | 421,904 | Xinshancun Subdistrict | 5 | 3 | | | | 500105 | Jiangbei District | Jiāngběi Qū | 220.8 | 925,800 | Cuntan Subdistrict | 9 | 3 | | | | 500106 | Shapingba District | Shāpíngbà Qū | 395.83 | 1,477,345 | Qinjiagang Subdistrict | 20 | 6 | | | | 500107 | Jiulongpo District | Jiǔlóngpō Qū | 430.78 | 1,526,821 | Yangjiaping Subdistrict | 8 | 11 | | | | 500108 | Nan'an District | Nán'àn Qū | 262.41 | 1,197,639 | Tianwen Subdistrict | 8 | 7 | | | | 500109 | Beibei District | Běibèi Qū | 751.55 | 834,887 | Beiwenquan Subdistrict | 9 | 8 | | | | 500110 | Qijiang District | Qíjiāng Qū | 2,746.98 | 1,011,334 | Gunan Subdistrict | 7 | 24 | | | | 500111 | Dazu District | Dàzú Qū | 1,433.35 | 834,592 | Tangxiang Subdistrict | 6 | 21 | | | | 500112 | Yubei District | Yúběi Qū | 1,457.08 | 2,191,493 | Shuangfengqiao Subdistrict | 19 | 11 | | | | 500113 | Ba'nan District | Bānán Qū | 1,822.84 | 1,178,856 | Longzhouwan Subdistrict | 8 | 14 | | | | 500114 | Qianjiang District | Qiánjiāng Qū | 2,391.85 | 487,281 | Chengxi Subdistrict | 6 | 15 | 9 | | | 500115 | Changshou District | Chángshòu Qū | 1,421.43 | 692,960 | Fengcheng Subdistrict | 7 | 12 | | | | 500116 | Jiangjin District | Jiāngjīn Qū | 3,217.80 | 1,359,611 | Jijiang Subdistrict | 5 | 25 | | | | 500117 | Hechuan District | Héchuān Qū | 2,344.07 | 1,245,294 | Nanjinjie Subdistrict | 7 | 23 | | | | 500118 | Yongchuan District | Yǒngchuān Qū | 1,578.55 | 1,148,896 | Zhongshanlu Subdistrict | 7 | 16 | | | | 500119 | Nanchuan District | Nánchuān Qū | 2,589.58 | 572,362 | Dongcheng Subdistrict | 3 | 29 | 2 | | | 500120 | Bishan District | Bìshān Qū | 914.42 | 756,022 | Bicheng Subdistrict | 6 | 9 | | | | 500151 | Tongliang District | Tóngliáng Qū | 1,340.47 | 685,729 | Bachuan Subdistrict | 5 | 23 | | | | 500152 | Tongnan District | Tóngnán Qū | 1,584.33 | 688,115 | Guilin Subdistrict | 2 | 20 | | | | 500153 | Rongchang District | Róngchāng Qū | 1,076.71 | 668,977 | Changyuan Subdistrict | 6 | 15 | | | | 500154 | Kaizhou District | Kāizhōu Qū | 3,963.48 | 1,203,306 | Hanfeng Subdistrict | 7 | 28 | 5 | | | 500155 | Liangping District | Liángpíng Qū | 1,888.77 | 645,315 | Liangshan Subdistrict | 2 | 29 | 2 | | | 500156 | Wulong District | Wǔlóng Qū | 2,889.37 | 356,748 | Furong Subdistrict | 2 | 12 | 9 | 4 | | — County — | | | | | | | | | | | 500229 | Chengkou County | Chéngkǒu Xiàn | 3,289.06 | 197,497 | Gecheng Subdistrict | 2 | 10 | 13 | | | 500230 | Fengdu County | Fēngdū Xiàn | 2,900.86 | 557,374 | Sanhe Subdistrict | 2 | 23 | 5 | | | 500231 | Dianjiang County | Diànjiāng Xiàn | 1,516.30 | 650,694 | Guiyang Subdistrict | 2 | 22 | 2 | | | 500233 | Zhong County | Zhōng Xiàn | 2,182.80 | 720,976 | Zhongzhou Subdistrict | 4 | 19 | 5 | 1 | | 500235 | Yunyang County | Yúnyáng Xiàn | 3,636.33 | 929,034 | Shuangjiang Subdistrict | 4 | 31 | 6 | 1 | | 500236 | Fengjie County | Fèngjié Xiàn | 4,098.63 | 744,836 | Kuizhou Subdistrict | 3 | 18 | 7 | 4 | | 500237 | Wushan County | Wūshān Xiàn | 2,953.88 | 462,462 | Gaotang Subdistrict | 2 | 11 | 11 | 2 | | 500238 | Wuxi County | Wūxī Xiàn | 4,019.11 | 388,685 | Baiyang Subdistrict | 2 | 19 | 11 | | | — Autonomous County — | | | | | | | | | | | 500240 | Shizhu Tujia Autonomous County | Shízhù Tǔjiāzú | 3,014.06 | 389,001 | Nanbin Subdistrict | 3 | 17 | 13 | | | | | Zìzhìxiàn | | | | | | | | | 500241 | Xiushan Tujia and Miao Autonomous County | Xiùshān Tǔjiāzú | 2,453.37 | 496,194 | Zhonghe Subdistrict | 4 | 17 | 16 | | | | | Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn | | | | | | | | | 500242 | Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County | Yǒuyáng Tǔjiāzú | 5,167.25 | 607,338 | Taohuayuan Subdistrict | 2 | 19 | 18 | | | | | Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn | | | | | | | | | 500243 | Pengshui Miao and Tujia Autonomous County | Péngshuǐ Miáozú | 3,895.34 | 530,599 | Hanjia Subdistrict | 3 | 18 | 18 | | | | | Tǔjiāzú Zìzhìxiàn | | | | | | | |

5.5 Main Urban Area

In Chongqing, in addition to the formal administrative divisions mentioned above, there are various designations such as the Northern New Area (now merged into Liangjiang New Area), Economic Development Zone, and High-Tech Zone. In fact, except for the Liangjiang New Area, which is registered with the Ministry of Civil Affairs as a national-level economic development zone under the provincial administrative unit, the Northern New Area, Economic Development Zone, and High-Tech Zone are not administrative divisions of Chongqing. Instead, they are economic management zones established within the main urban area of Chongqing and are not registered with the Ministry of Civil Affairs. These three areas only have management committees and lack administrative institutions such as People's Congresses, People's Governments, People's Courts, and People's Procuratorates.Since the restoration of Chongqing as a municipality directly under the central government, the area corresponding to the old Chongqing municipality's main urban districts from 30 years prior has significantly changed. The re-established Chongqing municipality encompasses a much larger area than other municipalities, with 70% of its jurisdiction comprising rural regions that originally belonged to the three prefecture-level administrative districts of Fuling, Qianjiang, and Wanzhou in Sichuan. This no longer aligns with the conventional concept of a city. Therefore, "Chongqing" and "Chongqing Municipality" have both broad and narrow definitions. In the narrow sense, Chongqing refers to the main urban area, specifically the nine districts of Yuzhong, Jiangbei, Nan'an, Jiulongpo, Dadukou, Shapingba, Yubei, Banan, and Beibei, collectively known as the "Nine Main Urban Districts." Terms such as "urban area," "main urban area," and "city area" all refer to these nine districts, while other districts and counties outside the main urban area are referred to as "districts and counties." In the broad sense, Chongqing refers to all 38 districts and counties currently under its jurisdiction, forming a clustered city known as "Greater Chongqing."

During the period when Chongqing was a municipality directly under the central government in 1954, the city comprised only six districts and two counties, along with the then-prefecture-level city of Beibei, collectively referred to as the nine main urban districts, which constituted the core area of Chongqing. From 1983 to 1997, during the period when Chongqing was part of Sichuan Province, its administrative scope included "nine districts and twelve counties," known as "Old Chongqing." After becoming a municipality directly under the central government, several other prefecture-level cities from Sichuan Province were incorporated into Chongqing's jurisdiction.

5.6 One Circle, Two Wings

The "One Circle, Two Wings" strategy was proposed by Chongqing Municipality in November 2006. It involves building an urban economic zone centered around the main urban area, with a radius of approximately one hour's commuting distance (the "One Circle"), and developing the Three Gorges Reservoir urban cluster centered around Wanzhou (the Northeast Wing of Chongqing) and the Southeast Chongqing urban cluster centered around Qianjiang (the Southeast Wing of Chongqing) (the "Two Wings"). The One-Hour Economic Circle corresponds to the area originally under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level Chongqing Municipality, plus the regions of Changshou, Fuling, and Nanchuan from the former prefecture-level Fuling City. The Northeast Wing corresponds to the area originally under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level Wanzhou City, plus the regions of Fengdu and Dianjiang from the former prefecture-level Fuling City. The Southeast Wing corresponds to the area originally under the jurisdiction of the Qianjiang Prefecture, plus the region of Wulong from the former prefecture-level Fuling City.

5.7 Functional Zones

In September 2013, Chongqing Municipality proposed a functional zoning policy, dividing the city into five functional areas: the Urban Functional Core Area, the Urban Functional Expansion Area, the New Urban Development Area, the Northeast Chongqing Ecological Conservation Development Area, and the Southeast Chongqing Ecological Protection Development Area. The Urban Functional Core Area includes Yuzhong District and the parts of Jiangbei, Nan'an, Dadukou, Jiulongpo, and Shapingba Districts within the Inner Ring Expressway. The Urban Functional Expansion Area includes Yubei, Beibei, and Banan Districts, as well as the parts of Jiangbei, Nan'an, Dadukou, Jiulongpo, and Shapingba Districts outside the Inner Ring Expressway. The New Urban Development Area corresponds to the One-Hour Economic Circle in the "One Circle, Two Wings" strategy, excluding the main urban area. The Northeast Chongqing Ecological Conservation Development Area corresponds to the Northeast Wing in the "One Circle, Two Wings" strategy, while the Southeast Chongqing Ecological Protection Development Area corresponds to the Southeast Wing in the "One Circle, Two Wings" strategy.

5.8 Main Urban Metropolitan Area

On May 9, 2020, a symposium on the work of the Chongqing Main Urban Metropolitan Area was held. During this symposium, Chongqing officially introduced the concept of the "21 Districts of the Main Urban Metropolitan Area" for the first time. The plan for the 21 districts of the Main Urban Metropolitan Area expands upon the original nine main urban districts, designating 21 districts as part of the metropolitan area. The original nine main urban districts of Chongqing are designated as the core area. The newly planned 12 districts of the Main Urban Metropolitan Area—Bishan, Hechuan, Yongchuan, Jiangjin, Tongnan, Tongliang, Rongchang, Dazu, Changshou, Fuling, Nanchuan, and Qijiang—are geographically closely surrounding the nine main urban districts.

5. Economy

In 2011, Chongqing's GDP reached 1,001.113 billion yuan, ranking below Tianjin and above Hangzhou; calculated by city, its GDP ranked seventh nationwide. Chongqing's economic development has been relatively rapid, and during Huang Qifan's tenure, there was once talk of a "Chongqing Model." In 2023, Chongqing's GDP reached 3,014.579 billion yuan, becoming the first city in central and western China with a GDP exceeding 3 trillion yuan. Calculated by city, it ranked fifth nationwide, following only the four first-tier cities of Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen.

The most significant issue for Chongqing's economy after its separation from Sichuan Province was the incorporation of a large number of surrounding underdeveloped areas during the transition to direct municipal administration. This resulted in excessive regional disparities, leading to severe economic and social problems. The income gap between urban and rural residents was as high as 500% (2008), and the backward rural economy severely constrained Chongqing's economic development. Before becoming a municipality directly under the central government, the per capita GDP of its 11 districts and 4 county-level cities had already exceeded 44,000 yuan (2010), while the per capita GDP of the 9 districts in Chongqing's main urban area had surpassed the 85,000 yuan mark. Among them, Yubei District's per capita income reached 24,480 yuan (2011), ranking first among county-level administrative units in China's non-coastal provinces. However, the per capita GDP of many backward suburban counties was less than 5,000 yuan, comparable to that of Qinghai and Tibet. Chengkou County, the most economically backward among them, was one of the ten poorest counties listed as national-level poverty-stricken counties by the State Council in 2008. The urban core area of Chongqing accounts for 9% of the municipality's total area but contributes 92% of its output value, which reflects the significant urban-rural wealth gap in Chongqing from another perspective.

Chongqing is one of China's most active cities in foreign trade. In 2021, Chongqing's total foreign trade import and export value was $123.83 billion, a year-on-year increase of 31.5%. Exports amounted to $80 billion, up 32.2%, while imports were $43.83 billion, up 30.2%. Its total foreign trade import and export value ranked 11th nationwide and 2nd among the 12 provinces and cities in western China.

6.1 Agriculture

Chongqing is rich in agricultural resources, hosting over 6,000 types of plants, with medicinal plants being particularly prominent, making it one of China's important production areas for traditional Chinese medicinal materials. Over 560 types of plants are cultivated, primarily the four major categories of rice, corn, wheat, and sweet potatoes, with rice being the most significant. Economic crops include rapeseed, peanuts, tung oil trees, Chinese tallow trees, tea, mulberry for sericulture, jute and kenaf, and flue-cured tobacco. Fruit trees are mainly citrus, pears, plums, peaches, loquats, and longans. Shizhu Tujia Autonomous County is known as the "Hometown of Coptis," and Fuling District is called the "Hometown of Zhacai (preserved mustard tuber)." In addition to crop cultivation, Chongqing has also developed animal husbandry, fisheries, and services related to agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishing.

6.2 Industry

Chongqing is one of the most industrially developed regions in inland China. Modern industry began to develop in Chongqing after the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, making it the earliest city in central and western China to witness the rise of modern industry. Chongqing's industry is currently dominated by heavy industry, being one of China's three major heavy industry centers. Light industry began rapid development from the 1990s. Among Chinese enterprises, over 70% of the super-large joint-stock companies originated from large factories relocated during the Third Front construction period.

Chongqing's industry benefited from the relocation of numerous enterprises from Shanghai and Wuhan in the 1930s and 1960s. The structure of Chongqing's heavy industry mainly focuses on shipbuilding, metallurgy, automobiles and military industry, and precision instruments. Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. is the largest centrally administered industrial enterprise in Chongqing. Other heavy industry companies with self-owned brands and market values exceeding 10 billion yuan include Dajiang Industrial (Group) Co., Ltd., Jianshe Industrial (Group) Co., Ltd., Tiemo Industrial (Group) Co., Ltd., China Jialing Industrial Group, Changjiang Electromechanical (Group) Co., Ltd., Lifan Holding Group Co., Ltd., Loncin Group Co., Ltd., Zongshen Group Co., Ltd., Changjiang Electromechanical Co., Ltd., Wangjiang Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., and Yu'an Automobile Group Co., Ltd.

The development of Chongqing's self-owned brand light industry started later than heavy industry, initially focusing on food, pharmaceuticals, and household appliances. It began to take off in the 1990s. The situation was once favorable, giving rise to the "Five Golden Flowers" of light industry (Huatao Ceramics, Lengsuanling Toothpaste, Chongqing Beer, Aoni Shampoo, and Beisheng Glassware). In the early 21st century, after significant adjustments, Chongqing's light industry now primarily focuses on pharmaceuticals, medical products, advertising products, electronics, composite materials, and the food industry, showing good development momentum and high competitiveness compared to other provinces and cities in China. Pharmaceuticals are the pillar of Chongqing's light industry. Southwest Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. is the only light industrial enterprise among dozens of listed companies in Chongqing's main urban area. Additionally, among private enterprises, Meixin Group Holding Co., Ltd. and Yaoyou Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. are companies with revenues exceeding 10 billion yuan.

Foreign-invested enterprises in Chongqing are mainly in the automotive and electronics industries. From the introduction of the first foreign-invested enterprise in early 1985—Qingling Motors Co., Ltd., a joint venture between Chongqing and Isuzu—to the end of 2012, over 8,000 foreign-invested enterprises had been approved in Chongqing. By April 2012, 244 Fortune Global 500 companies had established a presence in Chongqing.

Early entrants among wholly foreign-owned enterprises included Nokia and Ericsson. There were hundreds of joint ventures, such as Changan Ford, Jialing Honda, and Jianshe Yamaha.

On August 4, 2009, major projects including HP's laptop export manufacturing base and its Asia-Pacific settlement center, as well as Foxconn's industrial base, were established in Chongqing. Upon completion and operation, these two projects are expected to produce 20 million export-oriented laptops annually. Additionally, electronics manufacturing giants like Quanta Computer, Compal Electronics, Inventec, and Chi Mei Optoelectronics successively entered Chongqing, forming a massive industrial chain cluster exceeding 200 billion yuan. In 2012, the number of Fortune Global 500 companies in Chongqing reached 225 (ranking first in central and western China). In 2012, the electronics industry, primarily computers, was set to replace the automotive and motorcycle industries as Chongqing's leading pillar industry.

When Chongqing was restored as a municipality directly under the central government, the areas of Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang Prefecture, originally part of Sichuan Province and incorporated into Chongqing, formed what is referred to as the "New Chongqing" area, which had a relatively weak industrial foundation. This area accounts for 72% of Chongqing's total area but contributes only 9.5% of its industrial output. The largest enterprises and the only two listed companies in this area are Fuling Taiji Group and Chongqing Fuling Zhacai Group Co., Ltd., both located in Fuling District. As one of the important development directions for the New Chongqing area, relocating industrial enterprises from Chongqing's main urban area to these regions is an essential step.

6.3 Finance

Jiefangbei Chongqing Global Financial Center and Hongyadong and its surrounding architectural complex photographed from Jiangbeizui Chongqing is one of the important financial centers in western China. In 2015, the added value of the city's financial industry was 141.02 billion yuan, an increase of 15.4%, accounting for 9.0% of the city's GDP, ranking fourth among Chinese cities. The non-performing asset ratio was only about 1%, ranking among the top three nationwide. Chongqing possesses a complementary financial organizational system with functions including banking, securities, insurance, and various financial intermediary services, and has the highest number of financial institutions in western China. After the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the Russo-Chinese Bank and HSBC entered Chongqing in the early 20th century. In 1933 and 1934, the Chuanyan Bank and the Bank of China Chongqing Vault were built at Chaotianmen and Xiaoshizi Street, respectively. Later, after Chongqing was incorporated into Sichuan Province as a provincial-administered city in 1953, many banks relocated to Chengdu and Guiyang, leading to a depression in Chongqing's banking industry that lasted over 40 years.

Currently, Chongqing has 5 nationwide Chinese-funded commercial banks, 1 Postal Savings Bank, 12 nationwide joint-stock banks, and 15 branches of foreign banks. Local banks in Chongqing include Chongqing Bank, Chongqing Rural Commercial Bank, and Chongqing Three Gorges Bank. The People's Bank of China has established an operational management department in Chongqing.

In the insurance industry, three large foreign insurance institutions—Liberty Mutual, Sino-US MetLife, and Sino-Singapore Dafang Life—have set up regional headquarters in Chongqing's Jiefangbei CBD. Among them, Liberty Mutual even established its China headquarters here. With 27 insurance institutions, Chongqing ranks fourth in mainland China, following Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen.

Regarding deposits and loans of financial institutions, by the end of 2018, the balance of local and foreign currency deposits of financial institutions in the city was 3,688.734 billion yuan, an increase of 5.8% from the end of the previous year. Among them, the balance of RMB personal savings deposits was 3,565.157 billion yuan, up 5.7%. The balance of local and foreign currency loans was 3,224.775 billion yuan, an increase of 13.5%. Among them, the balance of RMB loans was 3,142.587 billion yuan, up 12.8%.

6.4 CommerceChongqing's giant department stores include local players like Chongqing Department Store Co., Ltd. and New Century Department Store, both belonging to the Chongqing Commercial Group. Additionally, there is competition from external or overseas enterprises such as Maoye Department Store, Times Square by Wharf, Parkson Shopping Center, Wangfujing Department Store, Wanda Plaza, Dayuan Department Store, and Far Eastern Department Store. In recent years, world-class luxury brands have also entered various commercial districts in Chongqing, including top-tier names like Prada, Gucci, Dior, D&G, Cartier, and Coach. Furthermore, casual brands such as H&M, Uniqlo, ZARA, Gap, and C&A continue to expand their presence in Chongqing, further increasing their influence. In the supermarket sector, besides the in-house supermarkets of Chongqing Department Store, New Century Department Store, Parkson, and Lidan Department Store, upscale supermarkets like Ole, Far Eastern Premium Supermarket, as well as foreign-owned chains such as Carrefour, Walmart, and Metro, are also expanding rapidly in Chongqing. The competition among multiple capital sources has driven the rapid development of Chongqing's supermarket industry. According to statistics from the Chongqing Municipal Bureau of Statistics, the added value of wholesale and retail trade in Chongqing reached 171.0 billion yuan in 2018. In the general convenience store market, Chongqing hosts globally renowned chains like Lawson and 7-Eleven, along with some local small-scale convenience store chains, forming a relatively mature and continuously developing scale. The home appliance retail sector in Chongqing features intense competition between Chinese giants Gome and Suning, with participation from local players like Commercial Group Appliances. The hotel industry in Chongqing has seen significant progress since the city became a municipality directly under the central government. Hotels such as The Westin, Sofitel Forebase, JW Marriott, InterContinental, Banyan Tree, Kempinski, Sheraton, and Radisson Blu have successively opened in Chongqing, making it the city with the most five-star hotels in central and western China.

6. Transportation

Chongqing is one of the important transportation hubs in Southwest China, designated as a national-level transportation hub by the State Council of China. Its railway, waterway, highway, and air transport systems have developed rapidly.

7.1 Railway

Chongqing boasts a well-developed railway system. Originally, it had the Chongqing Railway Administration, which was dissolved in May 1957 following the completion of the Baoji–Chengdu Railway. It is now under the jurisdiction of the Chengdu Railway Administration. Currently, Chongqing has 11 electrified main railway lines: Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu Passenger Dedicated Line, Chengdu–Chongqing Passenger Dedicated Line, Zhengzhou–Chongqing High-Speed Railway, Chongqing–Guiyang Railway, Qianjiang–Zhangjiajie–Changde Railway, Chengdu–Chongqing Railway, Sichuan–Guizhou Railway, Xiangyang–Chongqing Railway, Chongqing–Huaihua Railway, Lanzhou–Chongqing Railway, and Chongqing Railway Eastern Ring Line. It also has three branch lines: Dazhou–Wanzhou Railway, Sanjiang–Wansheng–Nanchuan Railway, and Nanchuan–Fuling Railway. High-speed railway lines under construction include Chongqing–Kunming High-Speed Railway, Chongqing–Qianjiang Intercity Railway, Chongqing–Xi'an High-Speed Railway, Chengdu–Dazhou–Wanzhou High-Speed Railway, and Chengdu–Chongqing Middle Line High-Speed Railway.

Currently, the main urban area of Chongqing has two top-class stations, Chongqing North Station and Chongqing West Station, and one first-class station, Chongqing Station. The largest passenger station, Chongqing West Station, officially opened on January 25, 2018. In the suburban counties of Chongqing, there are dozens of second-class and lower-class passenger stations, with the largest being the second-class stations Fuling Station, Qianjiang Station, and Wanzhou Station.

The Chongqing Railway Container Center Station is the third container center station built and put into operation in China. Its operation marks Chongqing's establishment of a national-level railway logistics base. Meanwhile, Chongqing East Station in Shapingba District and Chongqing South Station in Jiulongpo District have ceased container freight operations. Chongqing is also the starting point of the Chongqing–Xinjiang–Europe International Railway. In recent years, some goods from mainland China to Europe have been transshipped through Chongqing to Europe or from Europe through Chongqing to other cities in mainland China. Chongqing has become a distinctive inland bridgehead for international transshipment.

7.2 Highway

Chongqing is one of the highway transportation hubs in Southwest China. National highways passing through Chongqing include G210, G212, G318, G319, and G326. As of 2016, the total length of ordinary national and provincial trunk highways in Chongqing reached 15,000 kilometers, and rural highways totaled 124,000 kilometers. The "Zero Kilometer" point marker for Chongqing's highways is located at Chaotianmen in Yuzhong District.

Chongqing's first expressway was the G76 Chengdu–Chongqing Expressway, completed and opened to traffic in 1995. As of 2016, 2,818 kilometers of expressways had been built, covering all districts and counties except Chengkou County. Chongqing has the Inner Ring Expressway encircling the city center and the Ring Expressway surrounding the main urban area. Additionally, the Third Ring Expressway connecting various districts and counties is fully operational. At the same time, Chongqing has ten expressways leading to districts, counties, and neighboring provinces. Chongqing is one of the four cities in China with more than two ring expressways, and its expressway density ranks first among provincial-level administrative units in western China. Due to Chongqing's mountainous terrain, approximately 60% of every 100 kilometers of expressway consists of tunnel sections, making expressway construction challenging. Chongqing is building a "Three Rings, Twelve Radiations, and Seven Connections" expressway network, with a total length expected to exceed 4,000 kilometers upon completion by 2030.

In 2013, the number of private cars in the nine main urban districts of Chongqing exceeded 1.6 million.

Chongqing's rugged terrain makes it difficult to widen existing roads, and road construction costs are high. For example, the total construction cost of the Chongqing Inner Ring Expressway exceeded 20 billion yuan, surpassing the construction costs of the inner ring elevated roads in Beijing and Shanghai.

To address traffic congestion, Chongqing has built various transportation systems. For instance, in the CBD of Jiangbei District, it pioneered the construction of mainland China's first underground transportation hub system, the Jiangbei Guanyinqiao Tunnel (completed in March 2006), modeled after Hong Kong's Kowloon underground transportation hub system. Another example is the Nanping Underground Vehicle Passage System in Nan'an District (completed in August 2010). Other projects include the Shapingba District Nankai City Underpass Diversion Road and the Yuzhong District Niujiaotuo–Lianglukou Elevated Diversion Road (under construction).

As of 2014, Chongqing had not implemented measures such as license plate restrictions, purchase restrictions, or driving restrictions for personal passenger vehicles. Compared to other cities that have implemented such measures, traffic congestion in Chongqing remains within an acceptable range. According to data released in January 2014, the average speed in Chongqing's main urban area in 2012 was 24.9 km/h, 23.9 km/h during the evening peak, 23.9–25.8 km/h during the morning peak, and 37.5 km/h in surrounding districts and counties, significantly faster than the international congestion warning threshold of below 20 km/h.

7.3 Bridges

Due to Chongqing's numerous waterways, with the Yangtze River and Jialing River flowing through the city, most district and county centers are built along the Yangtze River, Jialing River, or their tributaries. Additionally, there are countless small rivers within its jurisdiction. As a result, Chongqing has a far higher number and density of bridges than other cities.

Chongqing's first bridge across the Yangtze River was the Xiaonanhai Yangtze River Bridge, built in 1964. The first road bridge across the Yangtze River was the Shipanpo Yangtze River Bridge, which started construction in 1977 and was completed in 1980. In the subsequent 38 years, the number of bridges across the Yangtze River in Chongqing has surpassed the total number of bridges across the Yangtze River in all other cities combined. As of January 2018, 38 Yangtze River bridges had been completed (with 21 under construction) and 27 Jialing River bridges had been completed (with 2 under construction). Due to the rapid development of bridge construction, Chongqing is also known as the "Bridge Capital of China."

7.4 Water Transport

Chongqing enjoys the shipping convenience of the Yangtze River, known as the "Golden Waterway." Water transport has long been Chongqing's primary mode of external transportation. As of 2016, Chongqing had over 130 navigable rivers, with a total waterway mileage of 4,472 kilometers, including 1,400 kilometers of waterways above Grade IV. It has multiple ports and passenger-cargo terminals.

Currently, Chongqing Port is the port with the highest throughput in central and western China. After the completion of the Three Gorges Project, 10,000-ton fleets can directly reach Chongqing Port. Within the Liangjiang New Area, there are ports such as Chongqing Cuntan Port and Chongqing Guoyuan Port (the largest rail-highway-water intermodal hub port in China). Meanwhile, Wanzhou Port and Fuling Port also play important roles in Chongqing's water transport system. Additionally, Luohuang Port and Xintian Port are under construction. The Dadukou Container Terminal at Chongqing South Port has a 32-hectare customs bonded area, handling import and export goods worth tens of billions of US dollars annually. Currently, the Yangtze River waterway handles a significant volume of foreign trade freight. In 2008 alone, Yangtze River water transport accounted for 97% of the total freight volume and 87% of the total value of goods in Chongqing's foreign trade imports and exports. On May 8, 2024, the Chongqing–Zhoushan river-sea direct route was launched, currently the longest river-sea direct route in China.

Since the Republic of China era, multiple airports have been successively put into use in Chongqing's main urban area. Chongqing currently has five civilian airports: Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport, Chongqing Wanzhou Wuqiao Airport, Chongqing Qianjiang Wuling Mountain Airport, Chongqing Wushan Airport, and Wulong Xiannv Mountain Airport. Additionally, Chongqing Jiangnan Airport and Yongchuan Da'an General Aviation Airport are under construction.

Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport, located in Lianglu Subdistrict, Liangjiang New Area, was put into use in 1990 as a 4F-class civilian international airport. Prior to this, after 1949, Chongqing had been using the dual-use military and civilian airport at Baishiyi. Before the completion of Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport, flights to and from Chongqing took off and landed there. Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport currently has three passenger terminals and is one of the top ten busiest airports in China and one of the top 100 busiest airports in the world. It became the ninth airport in mainland China to exceed 20 million passengers. In April 1992, the State Council upgraded Chongqing Jiangbei Airport to an "International Scheduled Flight Airport" and renamed it Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport. West Air, Chongqing Airlines, and China Express Airlines use this airport as their main base. On August 29, 2017, Terminal A of the third terminal and the 3,800-meter-long third runway of Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport were completed and put into use, making it the first international aviation hub airport in central and western China with three or more terminals and three or more runways.

Chongqing Wanzhou Wuqiao Airport, located in Wuqiao Subdistrict, Wanzhou District, is Chongqing's second civilian airport. It was put into use in 2005 as a 4D-class airport, with flights to 27 domestic cities and an annual capacity of 600,000 passengers. After expansion and renovation starting in 2015, it is expected to open international routes, becoming a regional air transport center for northeastern Chongqing and the Three Gorges Reservoir area and the second international hub airport in Chongqing.

Chongqing Qianjiang Wuling Mountain Airport, originally named Chongqing Qianjiang Zhoubai Airport, is located in Zhoubai Subdistrict, Qianjiang District, near the junction of Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, and Guizhou. It was put into use in 2010 as a 4C-class civilian feeder airport, with a throughput of 143,000 passengers in 2015.

Chongqing Wushan Airport, originally named Wushan Shennü Peak Airport, is located at the border of Wushan and Fengjie. It is a 4C-class civilian feeder airport, put into use in 2019.

Wulong Xiannv Mountain Airport, located in Xiannvshan Town, Wulong District, is a 4C-class airport, officially opened in 2020.

Chongqing's second international airport was officially approved by the Civil Aviation Administration of China in 2023 and is expected to be officially put into use by 2035.

7.5 Public Transportation

• BusesMain article: List of Chongqing bus routes (central urban area) and List of Chongqing bus routes (districts and counties) The primary public transportation modes within Chongqing's main urban area are buses and taxis, while district and county urban areas also have varying scales of bus and taxi services. Chongqing was the first city in China to completely ban all public transportation vehicles, including buses, taxis, and long-distance coaches operating in suburban areas, from using gasoline within the urban area. Buses, taxis, and public transport cargo vehicles all use CNG natural gas as fuel, which is relatively environmentally friendly. The city has a total of 220 refueling stations. Chongqing has 458 bus routes, operated by companies such as Chongqing Public Transport (Holdings) Group and Chongqing Transportation Group.

• Taxis

There are 12,000 taxis in the nine main urban districts and over 8,700 in the districts and counties, totaling more than 20,000 taxis serving the public. The main taxi models include: Changan Suzuki Tianyu SX4 sedan, Changan Suzuki SC7100/7130 Lingyang sedan, Changan Ford Mondeo sedan natural gas version, Changan Zhixiang mild hybrid version, Santana, Fukang, Jetta, and other natural gas versions. The taxi color schemes differ between the main urban area and the districts/counties: yellow in the main urban area, green in the southern Chongqing region, and red in some districts and counties. Currently, Chongqing has the highest taxi fares in central and western China, and the city faces a severe shortage of taxi capacity, as well as bus capacity. In Chongqing, it is common to encounter overcrowded buses and extreme difficulty in hailing taxis during peak hours, or excessively long waiting times for taxis.

The starting fare for Chongqing taxis is ¥10 for the first 3 kilometers. After exceeding 3 kilometers, the fare increases by ¥1 per 500 meters, equivalent to ¥2 per kilometer. When the driving speed is below 12 km/h, an additional ¥1 is charged for every full 5 minutes, with no charge for less than 5 minutes. Thereafter, an additional ¥1 is charged for every full 2.5 minutes, with no charge for less than 2.5 minutes. For single trips exceeding 25 kilometers, the fare per kilometer adjusts to ¥3, still charged per 500 meters, i.e., ¥1.5 per 500 meters. During nighttime (23:00–06:00), the starting fare is ¥11 for the first 3 kilometers. After exceeding 3 kilometers, the fare increases by ¥1.15 per 500 meters, equivalent to ¥2.3 per kilometer. When the driving speed is below 12 km/h, an additional ¥1.15 is charged for every full 5 minutes, with no charge for less than 5 minutes. Thereafter, an additional ¥1.15 is charged for every full 2.5 minutes, with no charge for less than 2.5 minutes. For single trips exceeding 25 kilometers, the fare per kilometer adjusts to ¥3.45, still charged per 500 meters, i.e., ¥1.73 per 500 meters.

Due to their unique driving routes and extremely fast speeds, Chongqing taxis, along with Wuhan buses and Shandong Airlines, are collectively known as the "Three Magical Modes of Transportation in China," with Chongqing taxis nicknamed the "Yellow Ferrari."

7.6 Urban Rail Transit

Nine rail transit lines are currently operational in Chongqing's main urban area. As of July 2022, approximately 200 kilometers of lines are under construction, including the western extension of Line 4, the central section and northern extension of Phase 1 of Line 5, the eastern extension of Line 6, Phase 2 of Line 9, Phase 2 of Line 10, Line 15, Line 18, Phase 1 of Line 24, Line 27, and the Bishan-Tongliang suburban railway. The overall plan includes 30 rail transit lines. Chongqing Rail Transit Line 2 is China's first straddle-type rubber-tired monorail elevated line and the first urban rail transit line in western China.

• Rail transit is one of the main public transportation modes in Chongqing's urban area. Unlike rail transit in most other Chinese cities, Chongqing's Lines 2 and 3 are straddle-type monorail lines, while the remaining lines are subways. Currently, 30 rail transit lines are planned, with a total length exceeding 1,400 kilometers.
• As of July 2022, Line 1, Line 2, Line 3 (including the Airport Branch), Line 4, Line 5, Line 6 (including the Expo Branch), Line 9, Line 10, and the Loop Line have been completed.
• Among these, the first to be completed was Line 2, which is the first urban rail transit line in western China and China's first straddle-type monorail. It officially began operation on June 18, 2005. Chongqing is the first city in China to have straddle-type monorail trains. Due to Chongqing's complex terrain, each rail line has an elevation difference of over 100 meters, with the highest, Line 4, having a vertical drop of 250 meters.

7.7 Ground Cable Cars

Chongqing is one of the few cities in the world that uses ground cable cars as public transportation.

Currently, only one cable car line remains operational in Chongqing. It is the Changshou Cable Car, built in 1964 in Changshou District, connecting Wangjiang Road in the urban area with Hejie Street along the Yangtze River. Chongqing previously had the Chaotianmen Wharf Cable Car, built in 1984, but it ceased operation and was dismantled in May 2007.

7.8 Cableways

Chongqing is also one of the few cities in the world that uses cableways as public transportation.

Currently, Chongqing has one river-crossing cableway connecting both sides of the Yangtze River, located in the main urban area:

• Chongqing Yangtze River Cableway: Built in 1986, it crosses the Yangtze River from Xinhua Road Station in Yuzhong District to Shangxin Street Station in Nan'an District. The south bank features the leisure and entertainment area Nanbin Road, while the north bank is near the Jiefangbei Central Business District. The river-crossing cableway greatly facilitated commuting between the two riverbanks during its early years. However, after the construction of major cross-river bridges, the number of passengers gradually declined. Nevertheless, with the growing fame of Chongqing's night scenery and the rise of leisure and entertainment areas near the cableway, it has regained value as a tourist attraction.

Historically existing river-crossing cableways:

• Chongqing Jialing River Cableway: Built in 1983, it spanned the Jialing River from Cangbai Road Station in Yuzhong District to Jinsha Street Station in Jiangbei District. The north bank features the newly built Chongqing Grand Theatre and Chongqing Science and Technology Museum, while the south bank has the Hongyadong Scenic Area. It officially ceased operation on March 1, 2011, and was dismantled by the end of December 2013. The base building of the Jialing River Cableway was located on the planned route of the Qiansimen Jialing River Bridge, facing the risk of demolition or relocation. As a collective memory of Chongqing residents, the demolition sparked widespread discussion among the public, similar to the controversy over the demolition of Hong Kong's Queen's Pier.

7.9 Urban Elevators

Chongqing is also one of the few cities in the world that uses long-distance elevators as public transportation. There is one escalator and one vertical elevator in the main urban area, both located in Yuzhong District, and both accept public transportation IC cards. Crown Escalator: Connects Caiyuanba and Lianglukou; length 112 meters. Kaixuan Road Vertical Elevator: Connects Kaixuan Road and Jiaochangkou.

7.10 Ferries

Both in the main urban area and districts/counties, rivers often flow through the cities, making ferry transportation relatively developed in Chongqing. However, with the construction of cross-river bridges, most ferry services have ceased operation. Currently, the "Nostalgic Ferry" (also known as the Two Rivers Small Ferry, route: Chaotianmen—Danzishi) is preserved at Pier 2 of Chaotianmen for tourist use.

7.11 Yijutong Card

The Yijutong Card is a convenient payment method used in Chongqing's public transportation system. It can be used for buses in the main urban area and some districts/counties, the Two Rivers Cableway, urban elevators, ferry payments, as well as for small payments such as movie tickets and supermarkets. The Chongqing Municipal Government provides discounts to residents through the Yijutong Card. Ordinary citizens can enjoy a 10% discount on buses and rail transit, along with a one-hour transfer discount. Primary and secondary school students using student cards can enjoy half-price rail transit or bus monthly pass benefits.

The Yijutong Card now supports nationwide public transportation card interoperability (Transport Union).

7.12 Jiaoyuntong Card

The Jiaoyuntong Card is issued by Chongqing Transportation City Card and is mainly used in suburban counties and districts of Chongqing, such as Qijiang District, Wanzhou District, Fuling District, Qianjiang District, Hechuan District, Youyang County, Tongnan District, Xiushan County, and Bishan District. For example, near the University Town Station of Rail Transit Line 1 in Shapingba District, there are both the Chongqing main urban bus stop "Rail Transit University Town Station" and the Bishan bus stop "Rail Transit University Town Station." The former uses the Yijutong Card system, while the latter uses the Jiaoyuntong Card system, and they are not interchangeable.

The Jiaoyuntong Card supports nationwide public transportation card interoperability (Transport Union).

7. Education

Famous Universities

Chongqing University
Southwest University
Southwest University of Political Science & Law
Army Medical University
Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications
Chongqing Jiaotong University
Chongqing Medical University
Chongqing Technology and Business University
Chongqing Normal University
Sichuan Fine Arts Institute
Sichuan International Studies University
Chongqing University of Technology
Chongqing University of Science and Technology
Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yangtze Normal University
Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing University of Education

Famous High Schools

Chongqing Changshou Middle School
Chongqing No.1 Middle School
Chongqing Nankai Middle School
Chongqing No.7 Middle School
Chongqing No.8 Middle School
Chongqing Bashu Secondary School
Chongqing Yucai Middle School
Chongqing No.29 Middle School
Chongqing Qiujing Middle School
Affiliated Middle School of Southwest University
Chongqing Foreign Language School
Chongqing No.68 Middle School
Chongqing No.18 Middle School
Chongqing Pengshui Middle School
Chongqing No.11 Middle School
Jiangjin Middle School
Tongliang Middle School
Chongqing Wanzhou No.2 Senior High School, Wanzhou Senior High School
Fuling No.5 Middle School
Chongqing Furen Middle School, Chongqing Nanping Middle School

8. Population

At the end of 2008, Chongqing had a permanent resident population of 28.39 million and a total population of 32.5332 million. It is commonly approximated as having "30 million Chongqing people." However, in fact, the registered population in Chongqing's main urban area was only 8 million, accounting for less than one-quarter of the city's total population. Within this, the urban population was 6.41 million, with an urbanization rate of 82.7%. By the end of 2017, Chongqing's total population reached 30.75 million, with an urban population of 19.7068 million and an urbanization rate of 64.08%. Data from the Seventh National Population Census of the People's Republic of China on November 1, 2020, shows that Chongqing's total population was 32.0542 million.

The Han ethnic group constitutes the majority of Chongqing's population, alongside 49 ethnic minorities including the Tujia, Miao, Hui, Manchu, Yi, and Zhuang. The total population of ethnic minorities is 1.75 million, with the Tujia being the largest at 1.13 million, followed by the Miao at approximately 520,000. These minorities are mainly concentrated in the districts and counties of the former Qianjiang region in southeastern Chongqing.

| Ethnic Composition of Chongqing (2020 Seventh National Population Census) | | | | | | | | | | | | |-----------------------------|------------|-----------|---------|--------|--------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|--------| | Ethnic Group | Han | Tujia | Miao | Yi | Zhuang | Hui | Bouyei| Dong | Gelao | Manchu| Others | | Population | 29,883,369 | 1,546,988 | 512,933 | 15,901 | 10,616 | 10,032 | 9,558 | 7,757 | 7,660 | 6,396 | 42,949 | | Percentage of Total Population (%) | 93.23 | 4.83 | 1.6 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.13 | | Percentage of Minority Population (%) | － | 71.26 | 23.63 | 0.73 | 0.49 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.29 | 1.98 |

Chongqing has an elderly population of 4.62 million, with an aging rate of 16% and an average life expectancy of 75.98 years. In 2008, the number of centenarians in Chongqing had risen to 956.

Chongqing experiences significant population movement, both incoming and outgoing. From August to December 2008, a mere four months, Chongqing added 1.73 million new temporary residents. The top five source regions for incoming migrants were Sichuan Province, Guizhou Province, Henan Province, Hunan Province, and Anhui Province. In 2009, the population in Chongqing's main urban area holding temporary residence permits for work reached 5.24 million. Chongqing is a mega-city with a net population inflow, having already accommodated 9 million migrant individuals. The number of migrant workers constitutes half of the actual resident population in the main urban area, making Chongqing the fourth-largest city in China for migrant population retention, following Shanghai, Beijing, and Shenzhen. Consequently, it faces its own challenges related to migrant workers. On the other hand, 4.37 million rural residents from Chongqing's suburban counties, such as the former Fuling, Wanzhou, and their previously administered counties, have left their hometowns to work elsewhere. This situation primarily stems from the substantial economic disparity between the relatively developed main urban area and the regions incorporated during its designation as a municipality, creating what economists term a "regional wall." The population density in the relatively developed main urban area has peaked in recent decades after absorbing numerous migrants. Both the city's scale and its social security systems are unable to accommodate more workers. Fierce competition within the urban area makes it difficult for many rural residents from distant districts and counties to find livelihoods locally, forcing them to seek work elsewhere. Moreover, migrant workers from Chongqing's suburbs have high rates of permanent residence and household registration transfer in other regions, even reaching 17% in Zhejiang Province. The large-scale transfer of household registrations has directly led to a decline in the registered population of Chongqing's suburbs. On one hand, some of these suburban residents become registered urban residents in Chongqing after purchasing property or through their children's education and employment there. On the other hand, others obtain household registration in other regions after migrating for work, purchasing property, and settling elsewhere. In light of this issue, Chongqing pioneered household registration reform policies nationwide.

9.1 Surnames

According to 2014 population data, the top ten surnames in Chongqing, in order, are Li, Zhang, Chen, Liu, Wang, Yang, Zhou, Huang, Wu, and Luo. Except for the surname Luo, the others are all among China's top ten surnames, showing a high degree of alignment with the national distribution.

9.2 Language

The predominant language spoken within Chongqing is Sichuanese, a dialect of Southwestern Mandarin Chinese, primarily comprising the Chengdu-Chongqing sub-dialect and the Minchi sub-dialect of the Chuanqian cluster. The Chengdu-Chongqing sub-dialect, specifically its Eastern Sichuan variant, is used in the vast majority of districts and counties, including the main urban area. The Minjiang sub-dialect, which preserves the entering tone, is mainly spoken in Jiangjin and Qijiang. Additionally, there are scattered linguistic islands of Tu Guangdonghua (a Hakka dialect) and Lao Huguanghua within Chongqing. Besides various Chinese dialects, the Tujia and Miao ethnic groups reside within Chongqing, primarily concentrated in the former Qianjiang region of southeastern Chongqing, including Qianjiang, Xiushan, Youyang, Pengshui, and Shizhu counties, with some distribution in southern Qijiang as well. The Miao language spoken in Chongqing belongs to the Qiandong and Chuanqiandian dialects, while the Tujia language belongs to the Northern dialect. However, with the passage of time and accelerated urbanization, the Tujia and Miao people in Chongqing have undergone significant Sinicization. Very few people can speak Tujia or Miao languages anymore, with the vast majority having switched to the locally prevalent Sichuanese dialect of Southwestern Mandarin.

9.3 Science, Technology, and Education

Modern education in Chongqing originated in the 17th year of the Guangxu reign of the Qing Dynasty (1891), when American Christian missionaries founded the "Private Qiujing School," now known as Chongqing Qiujing Middle School. The following year, the Sichuan East Circuit Intendant established the "Chongqing School of Foreign Affairs." Subsequently, in the 30th year of Guangxu (1904), the Chongqing Prefect founded the official Chongqing Prefecture Middle School. In the 32nd year of Guangxu (1906), the Chuan East Normal School, the predecessor of Southwest University, and the Chongqing Public Law and Politics Specialized School, the predecessor of Southwest University of Political Science and Law, were established.

By the end of the Qing Dynasty, various types of schools in Chongqing had taken initial shape. There were university-level institutions, a large number of primary and secondary schools, vocational schools, kindergartens, and half-day schools specifically established for children from poor families. The city had over 1,200 schools of various types.

As the War of Resistance against Japan intensified, a large number of higher education institutions relocated inland. These prestigious universities that moved to Chongqing later formed the predecessors of Chongqing University and Southwest University. To reserve technical talent for the war effort, the Nationalist government also established numerous new military-supporting schools locally. For example, a school operating under the confidential alias "Shiwei Public School" was actually the secret No. 21 Factory Technical School for training weapons design and manufacturing personnel. This school later became Chongqing University of Technology, one of the four major universities under the Ordnance Industry system.

Currently, Chongqing has 65 institutions of higher education. Among them, Chongqing University and Southwest University are directly under the Ministry of Education of the State Council. Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Sichuan International Studies University, Sichuan Fine Arts Institute, and Chongqing Medical University are specialized institutions. Chongqing Jiaotong University has made significant achievements in the transportation industry in Southwest China. Chongqing University of Technology is one of the traditional four major universities under the Ordnance Industry system. Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications was the responsible unit for developing China's 3G standard, TD-SCDMA. In secondary education, there are seven municipal-level directly administered middle schools: Chongqing Nankai Middle School (founded by Zhang Boling and Liu Yazi), Chongqing Yucai Middle School (founded by the people's educator Tao Xingzhi), Chongqing Bashu Secondary School, Chongqing No.1 Middle School, Chongqing No.8 Middle School, the Affiliated Middle School of Southwest University, and Chongqing Foreign Language School.

Chongqing currently has over 1,000 scientific research institutions and more than 600,000 scientific and technical personnel, primarily focused on research in electronic computing, optical instruments, weapon control, and mechanical automation. The city currently hosts 8 national key laboratories, 10 national engineering technology research centers, and 2 national engineering research centers.Chongqing is home to 18 museums, 48 archives, 41 cultural centers, 95 performing arts groups, and 43 public libraries. Among them, the Chongqing Library, established in 1947 and originally known as the Roosevelt Library and later the Southwest Library, now boasts a collection of over 3 million volumes. It has developed three distinctive collections that are influential both domestically and internationally: publications from the Republican era, ancient thread-bound books, and United Nations materials. It has become the library with the most comprehensive, extensive, and well-preserved collection of publications from China's War of Resistance period, the library with the largest and highest-quality collection of ancient thread-bound books in Southwest China, and one of China's two earliest United Nations depository libraries. Today, it is also one of the few libraries in China that serves as a full depository for United Nations documents.

9. Religion

Religion in Chongqing

• No religion or other religions (72.32%)
• Traditional Chinese patriarchal religion (26.63%)
• Christianity (1.05%) The religious beliefs in Chongqing include Buddhism, Catholicism, Protestant Christianity, Taoism, Islam, and other traditional faiths. Among these, the most significant folk traditional belief is the Chuanzhu faith. Chuanzhu is a local village deity in the Bashu region. During the Qing Dynasty, Chuanzhu temples were widespread across the various prefectures and counties within what is now Chongqing Municipality. To this day, Chongqing still preserves folk Chuanzhu sacrificial activities such as the Tanghe Chuanzhu Temple Fair in Jiangjin and the Shima Chuanzhu Temple Fair. There are approximately 1.72 million religious adherents in Chongqing, accounting for about 5% of the city's total population. This includes roughly 800,000 Buddhist adherents, about 310,000 Catholic adherents, approximately 270,000 Protestant adherents, around 30,000 Taoist adherents, over 10,000 Muslim adherents, and 665 clergy members. Among these, Buddhism and Catholicism are the more prevalent religious beliefs within the urban area of Chongqing. During the Spring Festival and Qingming Festival, crowds wishing to worship at Huayan Temple often need to queue to enter the 470-acre Huayan Temple scenic area. Similarly, during Christmas and Easter, the Joseph's Church in Yuzhong District frequently requires believers to queue outside the main hall due to the large number of attendees.

10. Culture

10.1 City Logo

On January 16, 2006, the "People's Chongqing" logo was designated as the official city image logo of Chongqing. Designed by Hong Kong designer Kan Tai-keung, the "People's Chongqing" logo consists of two joyful, open-armed human figures overlapping to form a simplified Chinese character for "Qing" (庆). It conveys the meaning of "double celebration, people-oriented, and advancing hand in hand." The city image logo is primarily used for external promotion rather than as the city's official emblem, distinguishing it from a municipal coat of arms. However, to some extent, the Chongqing city image logo is still regarded as a municipal emblem.

10.2 Chongqing City Gates

The Chongqing city gates refer to the ancient gates along the city walls surrounding the Yuzhong Peninsula's upper and lower city areas. There were seventeen gates in total: nine main gates (open) and eight auxiliary gates (closed), constructed in 1371 during the Ming Dynasty by Dai Ding, the commander of the Chongqing Guard. They symbolize the Nine Palaces and Eight Trigrams. Listed clockwise, they are: the Yangtze River water gates—Chaotianmen (open), Cuweimen (closed), Dongshuimen (open); Tai'anmen (closed), Taipingmen (open), Renhemen (closed), Chuqimen (open), Jinzimen (open), Fenghuangmen (closed), Nanjimen (open); land gates—Jintangmen (closed), Tongyuanmen (open), Dingyuanmen (closed); Jialing River water gates—Linjiangmen (open), Hongyamen (closed), Qiansimen (open), Xishuimen (closed).

Most of these gates were demolished or buried during Chongqing's urban reconstruction in the early 20th century. Only Tongyuanmen and Dongshuimen have survived and were included in the seventh batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units under the name of the Ancient City Wall of Chongqing. In recent years, Renhemen, Taipingmen, and Nanjimen have been successively excavated.

Many place names in Chongqing are named after or related to these city gates, such as Chaotianmen, Qiansimen, Linjiangmen, Chuqimen, Jintang Street, and Fenghuang Terrace.

Jiangbeicheng in Chongqing also had ten city gates: Huichuanmen, Jinyangmen, Baodingmen, Dongshengmen, Wenjinmen, Jinshamen, Wenxingmen, Zhen'anmen, Yongpingmen, and Jialingmen, most of which no longer exist.

11. Sister City Regions

12.1 Sister Cities

As of December 27, 2022, Chongqing Municipality has officially established sister city relationships with 30 cities (provinces, states).

12.2 Diplomatic Missions in Chongqing

Since Japan established a consular office in Chongqing in 1998, Chongqing currently hosts 10 foreign consular missions. Several other countries plan to open consular missions in Chongqing. | Consular Mission Name | Establishment Date | Consular District | Office Address | Postal Code | |-----------------------|-----------------|-------------------|-------------------------------|--------| | Consulate-General of Japan in Chongqing | 3/22/98 | Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Shaanxi | 42F, World Financial Centre (WFC), No. 188 Minzu Road, Yuzhong District | 400010 | | Consulate-General of Canada in Chongqing | 5/18/98 | Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou | 17F, Metropolitan Oriental Plaza, No. 68 Zourong Road, Yuzhong District | 400010 | | Consulate-General of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Chongqing | 3/1/00 | Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou | 28F, Metropolitan Oriental Plaza, No. 68 Zourong Road, Yuzhong District | 400010 | | Consulate-General of the Kingdom of Cambodia in Chongqing | 12/10/04 | Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan | 29F, World Financial Centre (WFC), No. 188 Minzu Road, Yuzhong District | 400011 | | Consulate-General of the Republic of the Philippines in Chongqing | 12/30/08 | Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou | 22F, World Financial Centre (WFC), No. 188 Minzu Road, Yuzhong District | 400010 | | Consulate-General of the Republic of Hungary in Chongqing | 2/4/10 | Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou | 36F-1A, HNA Poly International Centre, No. 235 Minsheng Road, Yuzhong District | 400010 | | Consulate-General of the Italian Republic in Chongqing | 12/30/13 | Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou | 49F, World Financial Centre (WFC), No. 188 Minzu Road, Yuzhong District | 400010 | | Consulate-General of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay in Chongqing | 12/20/19 | Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu | 20F, World Financial Centre (WFC), No. 188 Minzu Road, Yuzhong District | 400010 | | Consulate-General of the Republic of Belarus in Chongqing | 1/28/21 | Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Hubei | 29F, World Financial Centre (WFC), No. 188 Minzu Road, Yuzhong District | 400010 | | Consulate-General of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar in Chongqing | 7/12/22 | Chongqing, Sichuan, Hubei | 28F, World Financial Centre (WFC), No. 188 Minzu Road, Yuzhong District | 400010 | | Consulate-General of the United Mexican States in Chongqing | To be opened | To be determined | To be determined | | | Consulate-General of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana in Chongqing | To be opened | To be determined | To be determined | | | Consulate-General of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in Chongqing | 12/1/11 | Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei | Closed since August 16, 2021 | | | Consulate-General of the Kingdom of Denmark in Chongqing | 7/8/05 | Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou | Closed since December 1, 2021 | | | Consulate-General of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Chongqing | September 20, 2013 | Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Shaanxi | Closed since March 1, 2024 | |

nix

nix

nix

nix

Yuzhong District

Shapingba District

Ethnicity

Han 93.23%, Tujia, Miao

Banyan tree

Camellia