1. Introduction

Chengde City, abbreviated as Cheng and historically known as Rehe, is a prefecture-level city under the jurisdiction of Hebei Province, People's Republic of China. It is located in the northeastern part of Hebei Province. The city borders Tianjin, Tangshan, and Qinhuangdao to the south; Chaoyang City of Liaoning Province to the east; Chifeng City of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the northeast; Xilingol League of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the northwest; Zhangjiakou City to the west; and Beijing to the southwest. Situated at the junction of the Bashang Plateau and the Yanshan Mountains, the terrain is higher in the northwest and lower in the southeast. Mount Wuling in the southern part of the city is the main peak of the Yanshan Mountains and serves as the watershed between the Luan River and the Hai River. The Luan River traverses the entire territory diagonally, while the Wulie River flows through the urban area. The municipal government is located at No. 1 Fuqian Street, Shuangqiao District.

Chengde was originally named in Mongolian as "Harun Gool" or "Harun Gol," which translates to "Hot River," hence its alternative name, Rehe. The land historically belonged to the Khorchin and Ongniud tribes. In the early Qing Dynasty, aside from being a pasture for Mongolians, it was merely a small mountain village with a few dozen households called Rehe Shangying. In the 42nd year of the Kangxi Emperor's reign (1703), after Emperor Kangxi built the Mountain Resort here, it became a place for Qing emperors to conduct official business while escaping the summer heat or during hunting expeditions. Chengde is one of the first nationally designated historical and cultural cities in China. The Chengde Mountain Resort and its surrounding temples were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994.

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2. History

2.1 Ancient Times

As early as the Neolithic Age in the late primitive society, humans labored and lived on this land. The abundant historical relics discovered here, such as stone axes, net sinkers, and pottery li tripods, are traces of their labor and life, like the Hongshan Culture. During the Yin and Zhou dynasties, this area was the region where the Shanrong and Donghu minority ethnic groups were active, within the sphere of influence of the Marquis of Yan. During the Warring States period, the Chengde area belonged to the three commanderies of Yuyang, Youbeiping, and Liaoxi established by the State of Yan. The "Records of the Grand Historian: Account of the Xiongnu" records that the State of Yan built the Great Wall in this area, and remnants of the Great Wall are still faintly visible today. Particularly, the discovery of the famous Xinglong iron molds for agricultural tools indicates that agricultural production in this region was already quite advanced at that time.

2.1 Medieval Period

Before the Liao Dynasty, ethnic groups such as the Xianbei, Khitan, and Xi people lived here. During the rule of the Liao state, this was the residential area of the Xi people, but its capital, Liao Zhongjing, was located within present-day Ningcheng County, north of Chengde.

2.2 Qing Dynasty

The present-day Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County and its surrounding areas were grazing lands for the Mongols of Southern Mongolia. The Daguangdingzi Mountain in Chaoyangwan Town of present-day Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County was then called the Xing'an Mountains, hence the area was named Xing'an. In the summer of the 22nd year of the Kangxi Emperor's reign (1683), Emperor Kangxi and his grandmother, Empress Dowager Zhaosheng, left the capital to escape the heat, marking Kangxi's third northern expedition beyond the passes and his first stay at Xing'an. Subsequently, the century-long tradition of the "Mulan Autumn Hunts" gradually took shape:90—91. The Mulan Hunting Grounds were located in present-day Weichang County of Chengde City and the area around Hexigten Banner in Chifeng City. From then on, along the more than 150-kilometer route from Beijing, outside the Gubeikou Pass to the Mulan Hunting Grounds, a series of traveling palaces were built, such as Kalaketun (Luanhe Town), Liangjianfang (within Luanping), Boluoketun (Longhua Town), and Jierhalangtu (Niulu, Longhua County), to provide rest stops along the way.

Seventeen kilometers east of the Kalaketun traveling palace, due to the beautiful environment of Rehe where "mountains encircle and clear streams meander," with surrounding mountains converging, fitting the imperial psychology of "all quarters paying homage, all phenomena returning," and possessing the political-geographical condition of being "extremely close to the capital, with memorials arriving in the morning if dispatched in the evening," as well as its strategic position for controlling Mongolia, the Northwest, and the Northeast, it was chosen by the Qing government. Thus, construction of the Rehe Mountain Resort and the Eight Outer Temples began in 1703. In 1723, the Qing government established the Rehe Subprefecture here, marking the beginning of national administrative organs in Rehe. In 1810, the Qing government established the Rehe Military Governor's Office. The Beiyang Government established the Rehe Special Administrative Region in 1914, which was changed to Rehe Province in 1928.

Starting from the construction of the Rehe Mountain Resort, Rehe Shangying gradually developed from a small mountain village into a famous historical and cultural city. During the Qing Dynasty, Rehe was another important political center second only to Beijing, known as the "Capital Beyond the Passes." Seven Qing emperors stayed in Rehe, with Emperor Kangxi visiting 56 times. Chengde means "receiving virtue."

2.2.1 Chronology of Major Events

• Summer of the 22nd year of Kangxi's reign (1683): Emperor Kangxi first stayed at Xing'an (present-day Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County):90—91.
• 1690, the 29th year of Kangxi's reign: Battle of Ulan Butong.
• 1703, the 42nd year of Kangxi's reign: Site selection and commencement of construction for the Mountain Resort.
• 1723, the first year of Yongzheng's reign: Establishment of the Rehe Subprefecture.
• 1733, the 11th year of Yongzheng's reign: Rehe Subprefecture was changed to Chengde Prefecture, marking the beginning of the name "Chengde."
• 1754, the 19th year of Qianlong's reign: Emperor Qianlong received the Three Cilings in the Wan Shu Yuan (Garden of Ten Thousand Trees). The Dörbet tribe, one of the four Oirat Mongol tribes, migrated inward due to unbearable persecution by the Galdan rebellion forces. Their leaders, the Three Cilings (Chief Ciling, Taiji Ciling Ubashi, and Ciling Möngke), braved hardships and dangers, resolutely leading over 3,000 households to leave their ancestral lands along the Irtysh River and migrate to Uliastai inland. The Qing government highly valued this migration. Emperor Qianlong personally received and feasted the Three Cilings in the Wan Shu Yuan of the Mountain Resort, conferring upon them the titles of Prince, Commandery Prince, and Beile respectively, and properly settling their followers. The Dörbet migration played a significant role in the Qing government's later pacification of Galdan's separatist forces.
• May 1759, the 24th year of Qianlong's reign: 2,136 people of the Dashidawa tribe arrived in Chengde. The Qing government incorporated them into the Eight Banners garrison forces and allocated the areas of Wudaoliang and Shiziyuan as their grazing lands. In 1764, the 29th year, 500 soldiers and their families from the Dashidawa tribe returned to Xinjiang, while the rest remained in Chengde. The Mongolians near present-day Shizigou Town and Lamamiao Village in Chengde City are their descendants.
• January 1771, the 36th year of Qianlong's reign: Return of the Western Mongol Torghut tribe.
• 1778, the 43rd year of Qianlong's reign: Changed to Chengde Prefecture. The 6th Panchen Lama had an audience with Emperor Qianlong.
• September 1793, the 58th year of Qianlong's reign: The British Macartney Embassy had an audience with Emperor Qianlong. Emperor Qianlong received the British envoy in the Wan Shu Yuan of the Mountain Resort but rejected all six of their requests. Although the British mission failed in its task of opening China's doors and expanding its market, during their stay in China, they collected a large amount of political, economic, and military intelligence, laying the groundwork for the First Opium War.
• 1810, the 15th year of Jiaqing's reign: Establishment of the Rehe Military Governor's Office.
• September 1860: Anglo-French allied forces captured Beijing. Emperor Xianfeng hastily fled from the Old Summer Palace to Chengde. At the Mountain Resort, Xianfeng yielded to the military pressure of the foreign powers, successively approving the Convention of Peking with Britain, France, and Russia.
• August 22, 1861: Emperor Xianfeng died in the Yanbozhishuang Hall of the Mountain Resort. After Xianfeng's death, on November 2, Empress Dowager Ci'an, Empress Dowager Cixi, and Prince Gong Yixin swiftly eliminated the group of eight regent ministers led by Sushun in a surprise attack. As this year was the Xinyou year in the lunar calendar, it is historically known as the "Xinyou Coup." It is also called the "Qixiang Coup" because the originally proposed reign title was "Qixiang." After the incident, Ci'an and Cixi jointly administered state affairs, known as the period of joint rule by the two empress dowagers.

2.3 Manchukuo Period

• March 1933: Japanese forces occupied Rehe and established the Rehe Provincial Administrative Guidance Office. The province directly administered counties including Chengde, Weichang, Longhua, Luanping, Fengning, and Qinglong.
• May 3, 1933: Establishment of the Rehe Provincial Government Office.

2.4 Republic of China Period

• After 1914: The prefecture system was abolished, and the Rehe Special Administrative Region was established.
• September 17, 1928, the 17th year of the Republic of China: Provincial administration began, designated as the capital of Rehe Province.
• 1933, the 2nd year of Datong: Chengde was incorporated into the Manchukuo Special Administrative Region, serving as the capital of Rehe Province.
• 1945: Rehe Province's administrative divisions were restored to those before the Republic of China.
• February 24, 1946: Chengde's April 3rd Conference. The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party instructed the Northeast Bureau and Yun Ze (Ulanhu) to jointly study and resolve the disputes between Rehe and the East Mongolian Autonomous Government, promote the union and unification of the East and West Mongolian autonomy movements, unite Mongolians from all social strata, and jointly struggle against the Kuomintang. The decision passed at the meeting, "Regarding Administrative, Military, and Mongol-Han Relationship Issues in the Ju Ud League," stipulated matters such as unified organization and unified military forces, properly resolving Mongol-Han conflicts in Rehe. The April 3rd Conference ended the long-term separation between East and West Mongolia, achieving the unification of the Inner Mongolian autonomy movement.
• 1948: Chengde City was liberated, under the jurisdiction of Rehe Province as its capital. In September of the same year, it was placed under the administration of the Chengde Prefecture.

2.5 People's Republic of China

• July 30, 1955: Resolution of the Second Session of the First National People's Congress to abolish Rehe Province. The original Chengde City and the eight counties of Chengde, Pingquan, Qinglong, Xinglong, Luanping, Fengning, Longhua, and Weichang under Rehe Province were transferred to Hebei Province, with Chengde City becoming a province-administered city.
• November 1956: Yingshouyingzi and Shouwangfen of Xinglong County were placed under the jurisdiction of Chengde City, establishing the Yingshouyingzi Mining District.
• 1958: Chengde County's administrative division was abolished and merged into Chengde City.
• March 15, 1960: Chengde Prefecture and Chengde City merged. After the merger, Chengde City administered the urban district, Xiabancheng District, Longhua County, Weichang County, Fengning County, Luanping County, Xinglong County, Qinglong County, and Pingquan County.
• May 1961: Chengde Prefecture and Chengde City were separated. The re-established Chengde City established Cuibiao District, Hongqiao District, Shuangtashan District, Hongshiluan Joint Committee, and Shuangfengsi Working Committee.
• February 1965: Yingshouyingzi, Shouwangfen, and Majuanzi were re-incorporated into Chengde City, re-establishing the Yingshouyingzi Mining District.
• January 1984: Chengde City became a province-administered city, administering Shuangqiao District, Shuangluan District, Yingshouyingzi Mining District, and Chengde County. Qinglong County was transferred to Qinhuangdao City.
• July 1, 1993: Prefecture and city merged, implementing a city-administering-counties management system, administering eight counties and three districts.

3. Geography

3.1 Location

Chengde is situated in the northeastern part of Hebei Province, within the coordinates of 40°12′–42°37′ N latitude and 115°54′–119°15′ E longitude. It lies in the transitional zone connecting North China and Northeast China, close to Beijing and Tianjin, backed by Inner Mongolia and Liaoning, and borders the coastal cities of Qinhuangdao and Tangshan, as well as Zhangjiakou City within the province. The city spans 269 kilometers from north to south and 280 kilometers from west to east. The administrative area covers 39,702.4 square kilometers, accounting for 21.15% of Hebei Province's total area.

3.2 Topography

The region's landforms are primarily composed of the Bashang Plateau and the Yanbei Mountains. The Bashang Plateau, located in the northwest of Chengde, is the southern edge of the Inner Mongolia Plateau. It is part of the Greater Khingan Range's extensions, with elevations mostly between 1,000 and 1,700 meters. The plateau features higher terrain in the northeast (highest point: Mount Caimu in Weichang County, 1,850 meters) and southwest (highest point: Mount Donghou in Fengning County, 2,293 meters), with lower elevations in the middle. The Weichang Bashang area has gentle terrain, consisting mainly of rolling hills, marginal plateau mountains, and undulating plateau features (lakes, floodplains, ridges). Fixed and semi-fixed sand dunes are also distributed here. The Fengning Bashang area features more distinctly dissected marginal plateau mountains with steeper slopes. The central part consists of broad valleys between hills, and the north also has fixed and semi-fixed sandy lands. The mountainous areas comprise the Jibei Mountains and the Yanshan Mountains. The Jibei Mountains have elevations of 1,300–1,500 meters and relative heights of 500–800 meters, with steep slopes and U-shaped valleys. The highest point is Mount Daguangdingzi in Weichang County at 2,067 meters, and the lowest point is Bakeshiying Town in Luanping County at 212 meters. The Yanshan Mountains are in the southern part of the region, with the highest point being the main peak of Yanshan at 2,116 meters, featuring V-shaped valleys.

3.3 Resources

The Chengde region is rich in natural resources. It contains four major water systems: the Luan River, Chao-Bai River, and Liao River, with an annual water yield of 3.76 billion cubic meters, serving as an important water source for Beijing, Tianjin, and Tangshan. Forest land accounts for 43.4% of Hebei Province's total, grassland covers 40%, and the forest coverage rate is 48%. Chengde is the largest edible mushroom production base in North China and an important traditional Chinese medicinal herb production base in northern China. To date, 98 types of minerals have been discovered, with 50 being exploited. It is the only large-scale vanadium-titanium magnetite resource base in mainland China besides Panzhihua, with proven reserves of 357 million tons of vanadium-titanium magnetite and 7.559 billion tons of ultra-lean vanadium-titanium magnetite resources. Gold production ranks first in Hebei Province, and resources such as molybdenum, silver, copper, lead, zinc, granite, and marble are abundant.

3.4 Climate

The Chengde region has a temperate continental monsoon climate. Due to the influence of complex topography within the area, there are certain distinctions in the distribution of precipitation, sunlight, and temperature. Natural disasters mainly include droughts, floods, wind disasters, frost, and hail.

Average Meteorological Data for Chengde City (1981–2010)

| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | |-----------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Avg. High °C (°F) | -1.4 (29.6) | 3.0 (37.4) | 10.1 (50.2) | 19.3 (66.7) | 25.6 (78.1) | 29.2 (84.6) | 30.3 (86.5) | 29.2 (84.6) | 24.7 (76.5) | 17.4 (63.3) | 7.1 (44.8) | -0.4 (31.3) | 16.1 (61.0) | | Daily Mean °C (°F) | -9.3 (15.3) | -4.7 (23.5) | 2.7 (36.9) | 11.8 (53.2) | 18.2 (64.8) | 22.4 (72.3) | 24.2 (75.6) | 22.7 (72.9) | 17.1 (62.8) | 9.5 (49.1) | -0.1 (31.8) | -7.4 (18.7) | 8.9 (48.1) | | Avg. Low °C (°F) | -14.8 (5.4) | -10.7 (12.7) | -3.8 (25.2) | 4.5 (40.1) | 11.0 (51.8) | 16.0 (60.8) | 19.2 (66.6) | 17.7 (63.9) | 11.0 (51.8) | 3.3 (37.9) | -5.5 (22.1) | -12.4 (9.7) | 3.0 (37.3) | | Avg. Precipitation mm (inches) | 1.7 (0.07) | 3.8 (0.15) | 9.2 (0.36) | 21.3 (0.84) | 47.2 (1.86) | 88.0 (3.46) | 136.8 (5.38) | 108.1 (4.26) | 50.4 (1.98) | 26.8 (1.06) | 7.6 (0.30) | 2.6 (0.10) | 503.5 (19.83) | | Avg. Precipitation Days (≥0.1 mm) | 1.6 | 2.1 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 7.8 | 11.1 | 14.2 | 12.6 | 7.7 | 5.0 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 74.2 | | Avg. Relative Humidity (%) | 53 | 47 | 43 | 40 | 48 | 60 | 73 | 74 | 69 | 60 | 57 | 56 | 57 | | Mean Monthly Sunshine Hours | 195.6 | 202.3 | 240.6 | 258.7 | 276.4 | 262.0 | 229.1 | 234.0 | 240.2 | 236.2 | 193.5 | 177.2 | 2745.8 | | Percent Possible Sunshine | 66 | 68 | 65 | 65 | 62 | 58 | 50 | 55 | 64 | 69 | 65 | 62 | 62 |

4. Administrative Divisions

Chengde City currently administers 3 municipal districts, 4 counties, 3 autonomous counties, and manages 1 county-level city on behalf of the province.

• Municipal Districts: Shuangqiao District, Shuangluan District, Yingshouyingzi Mining District
• County-level City: Pingquan City
• Counties: Chengde County, Xinglong County, Luanping County, Longhua County
• Autonomous Counties: Fengning Manchu Autonomous County, Kuancheng Manchu Autonomous County, Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County The Chengde High-Tech Industrial Development Zone is a national-level high-tech industrial development zone established by Chengde City. Within the territory of Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County, the Yudaokou Ranch Management Area is located.

| Division Code | Division Name | Chinese Pinyin | Area (km²) | Resident Population (2020 Census) | Government Seat | Postal Code | Subdistricts | Towns | Townships | of which: Ethnic Townships | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | 130800 | Chengde City | Chengde Shi | 39,489.53 | 3,354,444 | Shuangqiao District | 067000 | 14 | 109 | 95 | 23 | | 130802 | Shuangqiao District | Shuangqiao Qu | 651.67 | 493,806 | Zhonghualu Subdistrict | 067000 | 7 | 7 | | | | 130803 | Shuangluan District | Shuangluan Qu | 451.74 | 187,361 | Shuangtashan Town | 067000 | 3 | 5 | 1 | | | 130804 | Yingshouyingzi Mining District | Yingshouyingzi Kuang Qu | 149.31 | 54,730 | Tiebeilu Subdistrict | 067200 | 1 | 4 | | | | 130821 | Chengde County | Chengde Xian | 3,648.07 | 340,579 | Xiabancheng Town | 067400 | | 12 | 11 | 2 | | 130822 | Xinglong County | Xinglong Xian | 3,116.46 | 271,628 | Xinglong Town | 067300 | | 15 | 5 | 2 | | 130824 | Luanping County | Luanping Xian | 2,992.96 | 268,647 | Zhongxinglu Subdistrict | 068200 | 1 | 10 | 10 | 9 | | 130825 | Longhua County | Longhua Xian | 5,473.45 | 347,707 | Anzhou Subdistrict | 068100 | 1 | 9 | 15 | 8 | | 130826 | Fengning Manchu Autonomous County | Fengning Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn | 8,738.67 | 326,353 | Dayuan Town | 068300 | 1 | 10 | 16 | 1 | | 130827 | Kuancheng Manchu Autonomous County | Kuānchéng Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn | 1,935.73 | 240,579 | Kuancheng Town | 067600 | | 10 | 8 | | | 130828 | Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County | Wéichǎng Mǎnzú Ménggǔzú Zìzhìxiàn | 9,037.38 | 423,676 | Weichang Town | 068400 | | 12 | 25 | | | 130881 | Pingquan City | Píngquán Shì | 3,294.11 | 399,378 | Pingquan Town | 067500 | | 15 | 4 | 2 |

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5. Transportation

National Highways 101, 112, and 233, as well as the Beijing-Chengde and Beijing-Tongliao railways, traverse the entire region. The S11 Beijing-Chengde Expressway connects Beijing and Chengde. Chengde is one of the main stations on the Beijing-Chengde railway line. Chengde Railway Station is located in the southeast of Chengde City, where the Beijing-Chengde, Jinzhou-Chengde, and Chengde-Longhua railways converge. The Beijing-Dandong regular express train also passes through here. In 2009, construction began on the Beijing-Shenyang Passenger Dedicated Line, linking Beijing, Chengde, and Shenyang. Stations within Chengde include Xinglongxian West, Anjiang, Chengde South, Chengdexian North, and Pingquan North, with a design speed of 350 km/h. Upon completion, the travel time from Beijing to Chengde will be approximately one hour. By early 2019, the Liaoning and Hebei sections had opened to traffic, and the Beijing section opened on January 22, 2021.

Additionally, according to the Chengde City Master Plan (2008-2020), the plan is divided into three phases: the near term (2008–2010), the long term (2011–2020), and a vision extending to 2050. During the planning period, six expressways will be constructed: the Beijing-Chengde Expressway (Chengde to Beijing), Chengde-Chaoyang Expressway, Chengde-Chifeng Expressway, Chengde-Zhangjiakou Expressway, Chengde-Tangshan Expressway, and Chengde-Qinhuangdao Expressway. Three intercity railways will be laid: Chengde to Beijing, Chengde to Tangshan, and Chengde to Chifeng (Chengde to Bashang). A new 4C-level regional airport (Bashang Tourism Regional Airport) will be built near the central urban area. As of early October 2013, four expressway sections totaling 376 kilometers had been completed and opened to traffic: the S11 Beijing-Chengde Expressway (opened on September 27, 2009), Chengde-Tangshan Expressway (opened on November 8, 2010), Chengde-Chaoyang Expressway (opened on November 8, 2010), and Chengde-Qinhuangdao Expressway (opened on December 28, 2012). Two expressways were under construction: the 176-kilometer Chengde-Chifeng Expressway (Chengde section by the end of October 2013) and the 204-kilometer Chengde-Zhangjiakou Expressway, scheduled to open by the end of 2013 and 2015, respectively.

• The 0-kilometer starting point of National Highway 335.

Chengde Airport began construction in August 2013 and was put into operation on May 31, 2017. Additionally, the 2013 National Highway Network Plan explicitly included the Chengde-Pinggu Expressway and the Chengde-Keshiketeng Expressway (Chengde to Keshiketeng, Inner Mongolia) in the national expressway network adjustment plan, which will significantly facilitate the advancement of these two expressway projects.

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6. Population

According to the Seventh National Population Census in 2020, the city's permanent resident population was 3,354,444. Compared with the 3,473,201 people from the Sixth National Population Census, there was a decrease of 118,757 people over the ten-year period, a decline of 3.42%, with an average annual growth rate of -0.35%. Among them, the male population was 1,700,675, accounting for 50.7% of the total population; the female population was 1,653,769, accounting for 49.3% of the total population. The overall sex ratio (with females as 100) was 102.84. The population aged 0–14 was 594,157, accounting for 17.71% of the total population; the population aged 15–59 was 2,022,493, accounting for 60.29% of the total population; the population aged 60 and above was 737,794, accounting for 21.99% of the total population, of which the population aged 65 and above was 472,399, accounting for 14.08% of the total population. The urban population was 1,898,080, accounting for 56.58% of the total population; the rural population was 1,456,364, accounting for 43.42% of the total population.

6.1 Ethnic Groups

Among the city's permanent resident population, the Han ethnic group population was 1,867,283, accounting for 55.67%; the population of various ethnic minorities was 1,487,161, accounting for 44.33%. Compared with the Sixth National Population Census in 2010, the Han population decreased by 106,886 people, a decline of 5.41%, with its proportion of the total population decreasing by 1.17 percentage points; the population of various ethnic minorities decreased by 11,871 people, a decline of 0.79%, with its proportion of the total population increasing by 1.17 percentage points. Among them, the Manchu population decreased by 23,864 people, a decline of 1.8%, with its proportion of the total population increasing by 0.64 percentage points; the Mongolian population increased by 11,384 people, a growth of 8.35%, with its proportion of the total population increasing by 0.48 percentage points.

Ethnic Composition of Chengde City (November 2020)

| Ethnic Group | Population | Percentage of Total Population (%) | Percentage of Minority Population (%) | |------------------|----------------|----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------| | Han | 1,867,283 | 55.67 | - | | Mongolian | 1,301,297 | 38.79 | 87.50 | | Hui | 147,695 | 4.40 | 9.93 | | Miao | 26,564 | 0.79 | 1.79 | | Zhuang | 3,150 | 0.09 | 0.21 | | Korean | 2,033 | 0.06 | 0.14 | | Yi | 1,059 | 0.03 | 0.07 | | Tujia | 858 | 0.03 | 0.06 | | Bouyei | 694 | 0.02 | 0.05 | | Other Ethnic Groups | 3,307 | 0.10 | 0.22 |

6.2 Indigenous Surnames

Burgastai, originally a nomadic land of the Mongolian Chahar tribe, later became the Mulan Hunting Ground of the Qing imperial court. It is the ancestral land of the Chahar and Chaomut clans, located in present-day Chengde City, Hebei Province.

"Buerhaqite", also known as Buerhajite or Buerhajite, pronounced as bù ěr hā qí tè, originates from the Mongolian ethnic group, derived from the Mongolian Buerhaqite tribe during the Yuan Dynasty. It belongs to the sinicization of tribal names as surnames. Originating from the Mongolian ethnic group, it is derived from the Mongolian Buerhaqite tribe during the Yuan Dynasty and belongs to the sinicization of tribal names as surnames. The clan historically resided in the Burgastai area of Chahar (present-day Chengde, Hebei). Later, some Manchu people adopted it as a surname, and after the late Qing Dynasty, many adopted Han surnames such as Bu, Bu, Sa, and Ge.

"Chaomut", also known as Chaomut, pronounced as chāomùtè, with the Manchu name Caomut Hala, originates from the Mongolian ethnic group. It is derived from the Chaomut tribe, descendants of Wulianghai·Zhelemie of the Mongolian Kharchin tribe during the Yuan Dynasty, and belongs to the sinicization of tribal names as surnames. After the late Qing Dynasty, many adopted Han surnames such as Chao, Chao, Mu, Chao, Chuo, and Chao. According to historical records in "The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Qing Dynasty · Clan Overview · Mongolian Eight Banners Surnames": The Mongolian Chaomut clan, also known as the Chaomut clan, abbreviated as the Mut clan, historically resided in Burgastai (also known as Rehe Shangying, Mulan Hunting Ground, present-day Chengde, Hebei). Later, Manchu, Xibe, and Daur people adopted it as a surname, with the Manchu name Caomut Hala.

"Chahar Clan", according to historical records in "The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Qing Dynasty · Clan Overview · Mongolian Eight Banners Surnames": The Mongolian Chahar clan, also known as the Chahala clan or Duoluote clan, takes its tribal name as its surname. The clan historically resided in Chahar (present-day Zhangjiakou area of Hebei, including parts of Hebei, Ulanqab League and Xilingol League of Inner Mongolia, and some areas of Shanxi), Burgastai (present-day Chengde, Hebei), Arda Ersu (present-day Boli, Heilongjiang), Horqin (present-day Tongliao area in eastern Inner Mongolia and western Jilin), and Saramulu (present-day Weichang, Hebei). Later, some Manchu people adopted it as a surname through intermarriage, with the Manchu names Cahar Hala, Duolot Mokun, and Cahala Mokun.

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7. Culture

Chengde City, with its magnificent scenery, unique charm, and rich cultural atmosphere, has earned the titles of "Hometown of Chinese Photography" and "Photography Base for Chinese Photographers." In Chengde, nationally renowned fields such as photography, painting, and calligraphy have seen the emergence of numerous heavyweight artists and their works. The paper-cutting industry, a heritage of Chengde's regional traditional family culture and Manchu ethnic art, is widespread across all counties and districts of Chengde, with Fengning paper-cutting being the most famous. In 1992, it was named "Hometown of Chinese Paper-cutting" by the Ministry of Culture, and in 2005, it was included in China's first list of intangible cultural heritage.

City Honors

| City Honors | Award Year | Awarding Institution | |------------------------|----------|--------------------------------------------| | National Historical and Cultural City | 1982 | The State Council of the People's Republic of China | | National Key Scenic Area | 1982 | The State Council of the People's Republic of China | | World Cultural Heritage Site | 1994 | UNESCO | | China Excellent Tourism City | 1998 | National Tourism Administration | | International Garden City Gold Award | 2005 | United Nations Environment Programme International Federation of Park and Recreation Administration (IFPRA) | | Hometown of Chinese Photography | 2002 | China Photographers Association |

8. Sister Cities

• Kashiwa, Japan
• Takasaki, Japan
• Dakota County, Minnesota, USA
• Santo André, Brazil
• Wielsbeke, Belgium

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The Yongzheng Emperor of the Qing Dynasty was named with the implication of inheriting the virtuous governance of the Kangxi Emperor.

Shuangqiao District

Shuangqiao District

Han Chinese population accounts for 55.67%; ethnic minorities account for 44.33%.

Sophora japonica

Rose