Yingkou (营口)

1. Introduction

Yingkou City is a prefecture-level city under the jurisdiction of Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China, located in the central-southern part of Liaoning Province. The city borders Dalian to the south, Anshan to the northeast, Panjin to the northwest, and faces the Liaodong Bay to the west. Situated on the coast of the Bohai Sea, along the Liaodong Bay, it lies at the southern end of the Liaohe Plain. The terrain is higher in the southeast and lower in the northwest. The northwestern edge is the estuary of the Liaohe River, with the Daqing River flowing through the central part, and the Biliu River and Xiongyue River in the south. The city covers a total area of 5,400 square kilometers, and the municipal government is located at No. 1 East Xinlian Avenue, Xishi District.

Yingkou is the first port in Liaoning to open to foreign trade and the birthplace of China's national financial industry. It is currently the nearest sea access in the Bohai region and one of the most competitively developed modern port cities in the Bohai Rim area. It is a key coastal open city in China, an important hub in the national comprehensive transportation system, and one of the major coastal ports, classified as a Type II large city.

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2. History

Signs of human activity have existed since ancient times, as evidenced by the Jinniushan culture unearthed in Yingkou, indicating human habitation in the area as early as 280,000 years ago. According to China's earliest historical text, Yu Gong, the region was originally part of the domains of Ji and Qing states.

During the Warring States period, it belonged to the Yan state. After the unification of China under the Qin dynasty, it fell under the jurisdiction of the Liaodong Commandery. In the Ming dynasty, the Haizhou Guard was established in Niuzhuang. During the Qing dynasty, the Haizhou Guard was abolished, and the area was incorporated into Gaiping County, initially known as "Mogouying," abbreviated as "Yingzi." In 1861, it was opened as a foreign trade port, with the customs office located in Niuzhuang, leading Yingkou to also be referred to as "Niuzhuang Port." The Qing government established the Yingkou Directly Administered Office here. The Battle of Niuzhuang during the First Sino-Japanese War took place in this area.

In 1913, during the Republic of China era, it was renamed "Yingkou County." During the Japanese occupation, it was designated as "Yingkou City." In 1949, under the leadership of Commander Liu Yuzhang, the last batch of refugees, numbering over 500,000, along with 200,000 defending troops of the Nationalist Government under Chiang Kai-shek, retreated to Keelung, Taiwan. The Northeast region subsequently changed allegiance to the new China, marking the famous Yingkou Great Retreat.

3. Geography

Yingkou City is located at the central hub of the Liaodong Peninsula, on the left bank of the Liaohe River estuary. It borders the Bohai Sea's Liaodong Bay to the west, facing Huludao across the sea; neighbors Anshan City of Liaoning Province to the north; borders Dandong City of Liaoning Province to the east; and connects with Dalian City to the south. Its geographical coordinates lie between 121°56′ and 123°02′ east longitude, and 39°55′ and 40°56′ north latitude. The city's maximum north-south length is 111.8 kilometers, and its maximum east-west width is 50.7 kilometers. The total area of the city is 5,402 square kilometers.

4. Administrative Divisions

Yingkou City currently administers 4 municipal districts and 2 county-level cities on behalf of the province.

• Municipal Districts: Zhanqian District, Xishi District, Bayuquan District, Laobian District
• County-level Cities: Gaizhou City, Dashiqiao City

Additionally, Yingkou City has established the following economic functional zones:

• Yingkou Economic & Technological Development Zone (National-level, operating with Bayuquan District under "two names, one administrative team")
• Yingkou High-Tech Industrial Development Zone (National-level)
• Yingkou Coastal Industrial Base (also designated as Coastal New Area, a national-level strategy)
• Yingkou Port Bonded Logistics Center (Type B) (National-level)
• Yingkou (Dashiqiao) Non-ferrous Metals Industrial Park (National-level Magnesium Materials Base)
• Xianrendao Energy & Chemical Industry Zone (also designated as Xianrendao New Area, a National Comprehensive Supporting Reform Pilot Zone for New Industrialization)

| Division Code | Division Name | Chinese Pinyin | Area (km²) | Permanent Population (2020 Census) | Government Seat | Postal Code | Subdistricts | Towns | Townships | |-------------------|-------------------|---------------------|----------------|----------------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------|------------------|-----------|---------------| | 210800 | Yingkou City | Yingkou Shi | 5,415.68 | 2,328,582 | Zhanqian District | 115000 | 27 | 35 | 3 | | 210802 | Zhanqian District | Zhanqian Qu | 36.35 | 261,439 | Jianshe Subdistrict | 115000 | 6 | | | | 210803 | Xishi District | Xishi Qu | 314.91 | 212,913 | Desheng Subdistrict | 115000 | 5 | | | | 210804 | Bayuquan District | Bayuquan Qu | 280.86 | 541,113 | Honghai Subdistrict | 115000 | 3 | 3 | | | 210811 | Laobian District | Laobian Qu | 217.54 | 146,748 | Laobian Subdistrict | 115000 | 1 | 3 | | | 210881 | Gaizhou City | Gaizhou Shi | 2,953.92 | 559,271 | Xicheng Subdistrict | 115200 | 8 | 16 | 3 | | 210882 | Dashiqiao City | Dashiqiao Shi | 1,612.11 | 607,098 | Meidu Subdistrict | 115100 | 4 | 13 | |

5. Economy

Yingkou has a relatively developed industrial sector, including metallurgy, petrochemicals, machinery, textiles, building materials, pharmaceuticals, and electronics. Its production of refractory materials, cyanuric chloride, catalysts, grand pianos, and security doors ranks among the top in the country. Yingkou has been listed among the top 40 cities in China for its favorable investment environment in terms of hard infrastructure. Enterprises from 37 countries and regions have invested and established businesses in Yingkou, collectively founding over 2,000 foreign-invested enterprises.

Economic strength has rapidly increased. In 2013, the regional GDP reached 151.3 billion yuan, a growth of 10%. The general public budget revenue of local governments was 17 billion yuan, an increase of 40%. Fixed asset investment amounted to 127.1 billion yuan, up by 17.2%. Total retail sales of consumer goods reached 38.9 billion yuan, growing by 14%. Foreign trade exports totaled $4.37 billion, a rise of 12.6%. The per capita disposable income of urban residents was 26,600 yuan, up by 10.9%, while the per capita net income of farmers was 13,675 yuan, an increase of 13.2%.

• Policies Enjoyed
  • In 1985, the State Council specially approved Yingkou City to enjoy certain privileges as one of China's first coastal open cities, making it an open city for foreign investment.
  • In 1992, the State Council approved the establishment of the national-level Yingkou Economic and Technological Development Zone, implementing a series of policies for national-level development zones.
  • In 1999, the Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council approved Yingkou as one of the first 14 pilot cities in China for comprehensive urban management law enforcement.
  • In 2008, the General Administration of Customs, the Ministry of Finance, the State Administration of Taxation, and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange jointly approved the establishment of the Yingkou Port Bonded Logistics Center (Type B), which began operations in March 2009.
  • In 2009, the Yingkou Coastal Economic Belt was elevated to a national strategy. The Yingkou Coastal Industrial Base, Yingkou Beihai New Area, the Port Industrial Zone of the Development Zone, the Coastal Industrial Zone of the Development Zone, and the Xianrendao Energy and Chemical Industry Zone enjoy the "Five Points, One Line" policy.
  • In 2010, the Xianrendao Energy and Chemical Industry Zone became a national pilot zone for comprehensive reforms supporting new industrialization and enjoys policies for new industrialization reform zones.
  • In 2010, the Ministry of Culture approved Yingkou as a pilot city for national cultural system reform.
  • In 2010, the State Council approved the upgrade of Yingkou High-Tech Science Park to a national high-tech zone, named Yingkou High-Tech Industrial Development Zone, implementing a series of policies for international-level high-tech zones.
  • In 2010, the Ministry of Commerce officially designated Yingkou City as a national demonstration city for modern logistics in the circulation sector.
  • In 2011, the Ministry of Commerce approved Yingkou and eight other cities as pilot cities for the national standardization of vegetable markets.
  • In 2012, with the approval of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Commerce, Yingkou became a national pilot city for modern service industries.
  • In 2012, the Ministry of Land and Resources approved the Yingkou Land and Resources Survey and Planning Institute as a "National Field Scientific Observation and Research Base."
  • In 2012, the Ministry of Commerce approved Yingkou and 34 other cities as the third batch of national pilot cities for the construction of a renewable resource recycling system.
  • In 2013, the Ministry of Science and Technology approved Dashiqiao City in Yingkou as a national sustainable development experimental zone.

6. Transportation

Yingkou City is located at the hub of the Liaodong Peninsula, integrating multiple modes of transportation including ports, railways, highways, airports, high-speed rail, and pipelines, making it suitable for developing multimodal transport. The international container block trains departing from Yingkou Port via the Manzhouli land port and the dense network of container block trains across the Liaoning region have kept Yingkou Port's rail-container freight volume ranked first among national ports for many years.

6.1 Port

Yingkou Port is one of China's top ten coastal ports and a national hub-type comprehensive port. It is the nearest sea access channel for the hinterland of Liaoning. It comprises seven port areas: Bayuquan, Yingkou Old Port, Xianrendao, Panjin, Huludao, Suizhong Shihe, and Dandong Haiyanghong. In 2012, it handled a throughput of 310 million tons, ranking 8th among China's coastal ports; container throughput reached 4.815 million TEUs, ranking 10th among national coastal ports.

6.2 Railway

The Harbin-Dalian High-Speed Railway and the Changchun-Dalian Electrified Railway pass through the area, with the Yingkou Line and Shaba Line connecting to the Shenyang-Dalian Railway. Major stations include high-speed rail stations: Yingkou East Station, Bayuquan Station, Gaizhou West Station; and conventional railway stations: Yingkou Station, Dashiqiao Station, Xiongyuecheng Station, Gaizhou Station, and Laobian Station.

6.2.1 Suburban Railway

The Yingkou Free Trade Zone to Bayuquan Port Railway has been included as a PPP project. Construction commenced in October 2020. The environmental impact assessment indicates that the project will be built and operated by the project company, with dispatching managed by the Shenyang Railway Bureau. This line is a dual-track electrified railway for both passenger and freight transport, with a design speed of 160 km/h. The entire line will have three passenger stations: Sports Park, Beihai, and Bayuquan North; one freight station: Lanqi; and three reserved stations: Transportation Hub, Beihai North, and Dafangshen. The project will operate two types of passenger train services: all-stop and direct. The all-stop service has an approximate travel time of 28 minutes, while the direct service takes about 25 minutes. It will utilize EMUs with 4-car formations. Initially, 10 pairs of trains will operate daily, with plans to increase to 14 pairs in the long term. During morning and evening peak hours, 3 pairs are planned, with 4 pairs during off-peak periods. The operation plan will be adjusted based on actual passenger flow. Construction was expected to begin in the second half of 2020, with a construction period of approximately two years. In September 2020, the contract signing ceremony for the "Yingkou Free Trade Zone to Bayuquan Port Railway PPP Project" was held.

6.3 Highway

The G15 Shenyang-Haikou Expressway passes through, connecting with the G4513 Naiman-Yingkou Expressway and the S19 Zhuanghe-Gaizhou Expressway. National Highway 305 (Zhuanglin Highway) and National Highway 202 (Heihe-Dalian Highway) intersect within Yingkou's territory. Additionally, National Highway 228, the Shenyang-Yingkou Highway, and several other roads create a comprehensive transportation network extending in all directions.

6.4 Water Transport

The "Lilac" passenger-roll-on-roll-off ferry operates from Yingkou Port to Incheon Port, South Korea, every Monday and Thursday.

6.5 Aviation and Airport

Yingkou Lanqi Airport is a regional airport with a national 4C classification. Its runway is initially 2,600 meters long and can accommodate aircraft such as the A319, A320, and Boeing 737 series. It is one of the important passenger airports in the Yingkou surrounding area and a key cargo transport airport under construction in the Liaoning region. It commenced operations on February 3, 2016.

7. Education

7.1 Universities

• Yingkou Institute of Technology (Undergraduate)
• Yingkou Vocational and Technical College (Specialized College)
• Liaoning Agricultural Vocational and Technical College (Specialized College)

7.2 High Schools

• Yingkou Senior High School
• Liaoning Provincial Experimental High School Yingkou Branch
• Yingkou No. 2 Senior High School
• Yingkou No. 3 Senior High School
• Yingkou Korean Ethnic Senior High School
• Yingkou Xiongyue Senior High School
• Yingkou Economic and Technological Development Zone No. 1 Senior High School
• Yingkou Economic and Technological Development Zone No. 2 Senior High School
• Dashiqiao No. 1 Senior High School
• Dashiqiao No. 2 Senior High School
• Dashiqiao No. 3 Senior High School
• Gaizhou No. 1 Senior High School
• Gaizhou No. 2 Senior High School

7.3 Secondary Vocational Schools

• Yingkou Opera (Arts) School
• Yingkou Musical Instrument School
• Yingkou Health School
• Yingkou Industrial School
• Yingkou Secondary Vocational and Technical School
• Yingkou Agricultural Engineering School
• Yingkou Sports School
• Yingkou Water Sports School

8. Population

According to the Seventh National Population Census in 2020, the city's permanent resident population was 2,328,582. Compared with the 2,428,534 people from the Sixth National Population Census, there was a decrease of 99,952 people over the ten-year period, a decline of 4.12%, with an average annual growth rate of -0.42%. Among them, the male population was 1,173,434, accounting for 50.39% of the total population; the female population was 1,155,148, accounting for 49.61% of the total population. The overall sex ratio (with females as 100) was 101.58. The population aged 0–14 was 269,137, accounting for 11.56% of the total population; the population aged 15–59 was 1,475,067, accounting for 63.35% of the total population; the population aged 60 and above was 584,378, accounting for 25.1% of the total population, of which the population aged 65 and above was 402,789, accounting for 17.3% of the total population. The urban population was 1,564,242, accounting for 67.18% of the total population; the rural population was 764,340, accounting for 32.82% of the total population.

8.1 Ethnic Groups

Among the city's permanent resident population, the Han ethnic group population was 2,166,258, accounting for 93.03%; the population of various ethnic minorities was 162,324, accounting for 6.97%. Compared with the Sixth National Population Census in 2010, the Han ethnic group population decreased by 108,447, a decline of 4.77%, and its proportion of the total population decreased by 0.64 percentage points; the population of various ethnic minorities increased by 8,495, a growth of 5.52%, and its proportion of the total population increased by 0.64 percentage points. Among them, the Manchu population increased by 5,061, a growth of 4.13%, and its proportion of the total population increased by 0.43 percentage points.

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Abbreviation for the "Mogouying Port" in the Qing Dynasty

Xishi District

Dashiqiao City

Han Chinese population accounts for 93.03%; ethnic minorities account for 6.97%

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