Tieling (铁岭)

1. Introduction

Tieling City is a prefecture-level city under the jurisdiction of Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China, located in the northern part of Liaoning Province. The city borders Shenyang to the southwest, Fushun to the southeast, Liaoyuan City of Jilin Province to the northeast, Siping City of Jilin Province to the north, and Tongliao City of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the northwest. Situated in the northern section of the Liaohe Plain, the eastern part consists of the foothills of the Jilin Hada Ridge of the Changbai Mountains. The terrain generally features higher elevations in the east and north, lower in the south, and slightly higher in the west. Mountains and hills flank the eastern and western sides, while the central area is the Liaohe Plain, which slopes gently from north to south. The Liao River flows through the western part of the city, receiving tributaries such as the Zhaosutai River, Qing River, Chai River, and Fan River on its left bank. The Municipal People's Government is located in Tieling County.

nix

2. History

2.1 Ancient Times

Tieling boasts a long history. As early as the Neolithic Age 7,000 years ago, there were human activities in the Tieling area. In ancient times, it was part of the Sushen territory. During the Yan state period, King Hui of Yan established the Liaodong Commandery in this region. After Qin conquered Yan, the Liaodong Commandery was retained. In the Han Dynasty, it originally belonged to the Xuantu Commandery and later to the Yuexi Kingdom. In 713 AD, the Bohai Kingdom's Da clan took the Yuexi territory and renamed it Fuzhou. In 917 AD, Emperor Taizu of the Liao Dynasty smelted silver here, thus changing Fuzhou to Yinzhou. During the Ming Dynasty, the Tieling Guard was established in Yinzhou. In the third year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty (1664 AD), the guard system was abolished, and Tieling County was established.

2.2 Modern and Contemporary

In 1898 (the 24th year of the Guangxu reign), after Tsarist Russia and the Qing government signed the "Convention for the Lease of the Liaodong Peninsula" and its supplementary agreement, Tsarist Russia obtained the right to build branch lines of the Eastern Chinese Railway. Construction began on the railway from Harbin to Lüshunkou, which opened in 1900. Areas centered around railway stations became "attached territories." After Tieling was connected by rail, Russian barracks, branches of the Eastern Chinese Bank, police stations, and other facilities were successively established.

On March 16, 1905, Japanese forces occupied Tieling and took over the railway and attached territories from Tsarist Russia.

On December 22, 1905, the "Treaty of Peking concerning Manchuria" was signed, officially opening Tieling as a national commercial market. The number of Japanese coming to Tieling surged dramatically. The area outside the West Gate became a Japanese settlement, with West Street renamed Motomachi and transformed into a Japanese residential area. The so-called residential area referred to a zone where Japanese and Chinese lived together and engaged in trade.

On March 1, 1932, the state of Manchukuo was established. Liaoning Province was renamed Fengtian Province, and Tieling was placed under its jurisdiction, establishing a county office. A Chinese served as county magistrate, while a Japanese held the position of councilor.

On December 1, 1937, Manchukuo abolished extraterritoriality, and administrative rights over the attached territories were transferred to Manchukuo.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Shenyang Regional Commissioner's Office and the Tieling Regional Administrative Office were established. In September 1984, the regional system was abolished, and Tieling became a city directly under the provincial administration.

3. Geography

3.1 Climate

Average meteorological data for Tieling City from 1981 to 2010 | Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | |------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|------|------|------|------| | Average high °C (°F) | -5.9 (21.4) | -1.1 (30.0) | 6.5 (43.7) | 16.6 (61.9) | 23.3 (73.9) | 27.6 (81.7) | 28.9 (84.0) | 28.2 (82.8) | 23.8 (74.8) | 15.9 (60.6) | 5.0 (41.0) | -3.0 (26.6) | 13.8 (56.9) | | Daily mean °C (°F) | -11.8 (10.8) | -7.0 (19.4) | 1.0 (33.8) | 10.6 (51.1) | 17.3 (63.1) | 22.1 (71.8) | 24.3 (75.7) | 23.2 (73.8) | 17.5 (63.5) | 9.9 (49.8) | -0.2 (31.6) | -8.3 (17.1) | 8.2 (46.8) | | Average low °C (°F) | -17.0 (1.4) | -12.3 (9.9) | -4.2 (24.4) | 4.7 (40.5) | 11.5 (52.7) | 16.9 (62.4) | 20.3 (68.5) | 19.0 (66.2) | 12.1 (53.8) | 4.5 (40.1) | -4.8 (23.4) | -13.0 (8.6) | 3.1 (37.7) | | Average precipitation mm (inches) | 5.9 (0.23) | 6.4 (0.25) | 18.3 (0.72) | 36.8 (1.45) | 49.9 (1.96) | 88.6 (3.49) | 178.7 (7.04) | 163.1 (6.42) | 60.9 (2.40) | 34.9 (1.37) | 18.0 (0.71) | 9.0 (0.35) | 670.5 (26.39) | | Average relative humidity (%) | 60 | 54 | 49 | 47 | 52 | 64 | 78 | 79 | 69 | 61 | 59 | 61 | 61 |

4. Administrative Divisions

Tieling City currently administers 2 municipal districts, 3 counties, and has jurisdiction over 2 county-level cities.

• Municipal Districts: Yinzhou District, Qinghe District
• County-level Cities: Diaobingshan City, Kaiyuan City
• Counties: Tieling County, Xifeng County, Changtu County

Additionally, Tieling City has established the Tieling Economic Development Zone. (Approved as a provincial-level economic development zone by the Liaoning Provincial People's Government in December 1995, it is the only high-tech agricultural and pastoral development zone in Liaoning Province, enjoying municipal-level economic management authority and county-level administrative authority.)

| Division Code | Division Name | Chinese Pinyin | Area (sq km) | Resident Population (2020 Census) | Government Seat | Postal Code | Subdistricts | Towns | Townships | Of which: Ethnic Townships | |-------------------|-------------------|---------------------|------------------|---------------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------|------------------|-----------|---------------|--------------------------------| | 211200 | Tieling City | Tieling Shi | 12,984.51 | 2,388,294 | Tieling County | 112000 | 14 | 78 | 11 | 9 | | 211202 | Yinzhou District | Yinzhou Qu | 171.93 | 375,292 | Gongren Subdistrict | 112000 | 7 | | 1 | | | 211204 | Qinghe District | Qinghe Qu | 480.37 | 84,693 | Hongqi Subdistrict | 112000 | | 2 | 2 | 1 | | 211221 | Tieling County | Tieling Xian | 2,249.54 | 324,383 | Fanhe Town | 112600 | | 12 | 2 | 1 | | 211223 | Xifeng County | Xifeng Xian | 2,683.33 | 225,123 | Xifeng Town | 112400 | | 12 | 6 | 6 | | 211224 | Changtu County | Changtu Xian | 4,323.90 | 711,818 | Changtu Town | 112500 | | 33 | | | | 211281 | Diaobingshan City | Diaobingshan Shi | 262.15 | 206,058 | Diaobingshan Subdistrict | 112700 | 2 | 3 | | | | 211282 | Kaiyuan City | Kaiyuan Shi | 2,813.29 | 460,927 | Xincheng Subdistrict| 112300 | 3 | 16 | 1 | 1 |

nix

5. Transportation

• National Highway 102 passes through the area.
• The Harbin-Dalian Passenger Dedicated Line, the Shenyang-Dalian Railway, and the Tiefa Railway traverse the region.

nix

6. Population

By the end of 2022, the city's total registered population reached 2.805 million. Within this total, the population of the municipal districts was 410,000, accounting for 14.6%; the population of counties (county-level cities) was 2.395 million, accounting for 85.4%; the urban population was 1.210 million, accounting for 43.1%; and the rural population was 1.595 million, accounting for 56.9%.

According to the Seventh National Population Census in 2020, the city's resident population was 2,388,294. Compared with the 2,717,732 people from the Sixth National Population Census, there was a decrease of 329,438 people over the ten years, a decline of 12.12%, with an average annual growth rate of -1.28%. Among them, the male population was 1,194,753, accounting for 50.03% of the total population; the female population was 1,193,541, accounting for 49.97% of the total population. The sex ratio of the total population (with females as 100) was 100.1. The population aged 0-14 was 239,259, accounting for 10.02% of the total population; the population aged 15-59 was 1,508,353, accounting for 63.16% of the total population; the population aged 60 and above was 640,682, accounting for 26.83% of the total population, of which the population aged 65 and above was 441,573, accounting for 18.49% of the total population. The population living in urban areas was 1,318,021, accounting for 55.19% of the total population; the population living in rural areas was 1,070,273, accounting for 44.81% of the total population.

6.1 Ethnic Groups

Tieling City is a multi-ethnic area, home to 31 ethnic groups including Han, Manchu, Korean, Mongolian, Hui, Xibe, Uyghur, and Russian. Among the city's resident population, the Han population was 1,838,821, accounting for 76.99%; the total population of ethnic minorities was 549,473, accounting for 23.01%. Compared with the Sixth National Population Census in 2010, the Han population decreased by 273,277, a decline of 12.94%, and its proportion of the total population decreased by 0.72 percentage points; the total population of ethnic minorities decreased by 56,161, a decline of 9.27%, and its proportion of the total population increased by 0.72 percentage points. Among them, the Manchu population decreased by 53,849, a decline of 9.96%, and its proportion of the total population increased by 0.49 percentage points; the Xibe population decreased by 1,986, a decline of 8.55%, and its proportion of the total population increased by 0.03 percentage points; the Korean population decreased by 830, a decline of 4.6%, and its proportion of the total population increased by 0.06 percentage points; the Mongolian population increased by 847, a growth of 7.5%, and its proportion of the total population increased by 0.09 percentage points.

nix

nix

nix

nix

nix

nix

nix

No. 18, Jinshajiang Road, Fanhe New District, Tieling County

Changtu County

The Han population accounts for 76.99%; various ethnic minorities make up 23.01%.

Maple tree

Lily