Dehong Dai And Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture (德宏傣族景颇族自治州)

1. Introduction

Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture (Tai Nüa: ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᰦ [taɯ˥˧xoŋ˥], Tai Lue: ᦺᦎᧉ ᦆᦳᧂ [tai˩˧xuŋ˥˩], Zaiwa: Sikung Sam Zaizo Amyvu Yvumsing Upkang Mau, Jingpo: Sakhkung Sam Jinghpo Amyu Madu Uphkang Mungdo), commonly abbreviated as Dehong Prefecture, is an autonomous prefecture under Yunnan Province of the People's Republic of China, located in the western part of Yunnan. Except for its eastern border adjacent to Baoshan City, the other three sides are bordered by Myanmar. Situated on the southern edge of the Hengduan Mountains, it lies within the dissected plateau valley formed by the western extension of the Gaoligong Mountains. The terrain is high and steep in the northeast and low and gently sloping in the southwest. The Nu River, Daying River, and Ruili River flow through the prefecture. The total area is 11,172 square kilometers, with a population of 1.3157 million. The Han, Dai, and Jingpo ethnic groups account for approximately 54%, 27%, and 10% of the population, respectively. The prefecture's capital is Mangshi.

2. Etymology

"Dehong" is a transliteration from the Dai language, where "De" means "below" and "hong" refers to the Nujiang River, signifying "the land downstream of the Nujiang River." Known for its beautiful natural environment, rich historical and cultural heritage, and unique ethnic customs, it has earned titles such as "Hometown of the Peacock," "Land of Myths," and "Home of Song and Dance."

3. History

Around the 4th century BC, the earliest international overland transportation route in Chinese history, the "Southwest Silk Road," was opened, initiating trade between China and India. Dehong was a crucial passage along this Southwest Silk Road.

3.1 Han Dynasty, Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties

The present-day prefecture was historically part of the territory of the Ailao Kingdom of the Southwest Yi. In the second year of the Yuanfeng era of Emperor Wu of Han (109 BC), Emperor Wu of Han expanded into the Southwest Yi region, launching a military campaign against Ailao. The territory of Ailao was reduced, but Dehong remained under Ailao control. In the twelfth year of the Yongping era of the Eastern Han Dynasty (69 AD), the King of Ailao submitted to Han authority. The Han Dynasty subsequently established Yongchang Commandery in the Ailao lands and set up Ailao County in the area of present-day Yingjiang County. In the nineteenth year of the Jian'an era (214 AD), after Liu Bei pacified Shu, he established the Laijiang Chief Commandery over the southern commanderies. During the Western Jin Dynasty, Yizhou was divided to create Ningzhou, to which Yongchang Commandery belonged. In the eighth year of the Xiankang era of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (342 AD), Ningzhou was abolished, and Yongchang Commandery was dissolved. The Southern Qi Dynasty re-established Yongchang Commandery, which was again abolished during the Sui Dynasty.

3.2 Tang Dynasty

During the Tang Dynasty, the Nanzhao Kingdom was established. The area of the present-day prefecture was divided between the Yongchang and Lishui military districts. Mangshi City was established in the area of present-day Mangshi, and Yaxi City was established northeast of present-day Yingjiang County, both belonging to the Yongchang military district. During the Dali Kingdom period, the prefecture area was divided between Yongchang Prefecture and Tengchong Prefecture, and Yaxi City was renamed Gan'e.

3.3 Yuan Dynasty

In the early Yuan Dynasty, Nandian Route (administered in present-day Nangsong Achang Ethnic Township, Lianghe County) was established. In the thirteenth year of the Zhiyuan era (1276 AD), Mangshi Route (administered in present-day Mangshi), Zhenxi Route (administered in present-day Jiucheng Town, Yingjiang County), Pingmian Route (administered in present-day Longchuan County), and Luchuan Route (administered in present-day Ruili City) were established, all under the Jinchi Pacification Commission, later renamed the Dali Jinchi Pacification Commissioner's Office. In the twenty-sixth year of the Zhiyuan era (1289 AD), Nandian Route was changed to Nandian Military-Prefectural Administration.

3.4 Ming Dynasty

In the fifteenth year of the Hongwu era of the Ming Dynasty (1382 AD), Nandian Military-Prefectural Administration was changed to Nandian Prefecture; Mangshi Route was changed to Mangshi Prefecture. In the seventeenth year of the Hongwu era (1384 AD), Luchuan Route and Pingmian Route were abolished and replaced by the Luchuan Pingmian Pacification Commissioner's Office (administered in present-day Ruili City). In the first year of the Yongle era (1403 AD), Ganya Chief's Office (administered in present-day Xincheng Township, Yingjiang County) was carved out from the Luchuan Pingmian Office. In the twelfth year of the Yongle era (1414 AD), Nandian Prefecture was changed to Nandian Subprefecture. In the sixth year of the Zhengtong era (1441 AD), the Luchuan Pingmian Pacification Commissioner's Office was abolished. In the eighth year of the Zhengtong era (1443 AD), Nandian Subprefecture was elevated to Nandian Pacification Commissioner's Office. In the ninth year of the Zhengtong era (1444 AD), Mangshi Prefecture was changed to Mangshi Chief's Office, subordinate to the Jinchi Military-Prefectural Command; Ganya Chief's Office was elevated to Ganya Pacification Commissioner's Office; Longchuan Pacification Commissioner's Office (administered in present-day Longchuan County) was established on the former site of the Luchuan Pingmian Military-Prefectural Pacification Commissioner's Office. In the eleventh year of the Zhengtong era (1446 AD), Longchuan Pacification Commissioner's Office was changed to Longchuan Pacification Commissioner's Office (administered in present-day Longba Town, Longchuan County). In the fourteenth year of the Zhengtong era (1449 AD), Zhanda Deputy Pacification Commissioner's Office (administered in present-day Lianhuashan Township, Yingjiang County) was carved out from the Ganya Pacification Commissioner's Office. In the twelfth year of the Wanli era (1584 AD), a Deputy Pacification Commissioner was appointed to Luchuan. It was once the center of the Mong Mao Kingdom (known as the Pong Kingdom to the Manipuri people), and the Ahom people of Assam also originated from here.

3.5 Qing Dynasty

In the sixteenth year of the Shunzhi era of the Qing Dynasty (1659 AD), Mengmao Pacification Commissioner's Office (administered in present-day Ruili City) was carved out from the Longchuan Pacification Commissioner's Office, belonging to Tengyue Subprefecture. During the Qing Dynasty, Mangshi Chief's Office was further divided to establish Mangshi Pacification Commissioner's Office, Zhefang Deputy Pacification Commissioner's Office (administered in present-day Zhefang Town, Mangshi), and Mengban Native Chief's Office (administered in present-day southern Mangshi), all belonging to Yongchang Prefecture; Longchuan Pacification Commissioner's Office was divided to establish Husa Chief's Office (present-day Husa Achang Ethnic Township, Longchuan County) and Lasa Chief's Office (present-day northern Lasa, Longchuan County), belonging to Tengyue Subprefecture.

3.6 Republic of China

In the first year of the Republic of China (1912 AD), Mangshi Pacification Commissioner's Office and Mengban Native Chief's Office were merged to form the Mangban Pacification Commissioner; Ganya Pacification Commissioner's Office was changed to Ganya Pacification Commissioner; Zhanda Deputy Pacification Commissioner's Office was changed to Zhanda Pacification Commissioner; Longchuan Pacification Commissioner's Office was changed to Longchuan Pacification Commissioner; Mengmao Pacification Commissioner's Office and Zhefang Deputy Pacification Commissioner's Office were merged to establish the Mengmao Pacification Commissioner; Mangshi Pacification Commissioner's Office and Mengban Native Chief's Office were merged to establish the Mangban Pacification Commissioner; Nandian Pacification Commissioner's Office was merged into Tengchong County. In the fourth year of the Republic of China (1915 AD), Zhefang was incorporated into the Mangban Pacification Commissioner, forming the Mangzheban Administrative District. In 1916, the Mengmao, Longchuan, and Zhanda Pacification Commissioners were changed to Mengmao Administrative District, Longchuan Administrative District, and Zhanda Administrative District. In 1917, Mengmao Administrative District and the Lasa Chieftaincy were merged to form the Mengsa Administrative District, stationed in Lasa during summer and autumn and in Mengmao during winter and spring; Ganya and Husa were merged to form the Ganhu Administrative District. In 1929, the First Frontier Development Superintendent's Office was established, overseeing all administrative districts. In 1932, Wanding Town was established, subordinate to Luxi Administrative District. In the 24th year of the Republic of China (1935 AD), Mengsa Administrative District was changed to Ruili Administrative Bureau; Mangzheban Administrative District was changed to Luxi Administrative Bureau; Longchuan Administrative District was changed to Longchuan Administrative Bureau; the former Nandian Pacification Commissioner's Office area in Tengchong County was established as Lianghe Administrative Bureau (administered in present-day Dachang Township, Lianghe County); the former Ganya Pacification Commissioner area was established as Yingjiang Administrative Bureau; the former Zhanda Pacification Commissioner area was established as Lianshan Administrative Bureau, all belonging to the First Frontier Development Superintendent's District. In 1938, the First Frontier Development Superintendent's Office was abolished. In the 31st year of the Republic of China (1942 AD), all administrative bureaus were placed under the Sixth Administrative Inspectorate District of Yunnan Province. In the 35th year of the Republic of China (1946 AD), they were transferred to the Twelfth District.

3.7 People's Republic of China

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, in 1949, all administrative bureaus were changed to administrative districts, belonging to Baoshan Special District; the seat of Lianghe Administrative District was moved to Zhedao Town. In 1952, Luxi Administrative District was changed to Luxi County; Ruili Administrative District was changed to Ruili County; Lianshan Administrative District was changed to Yingjiang County (administered in present-day Jiucheng Town); Longchuan Administrative District was changed to Longchuan County (administered in present-day Chengzi Town); Lianghe Administrative District was changed to Lianghe County Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Region; in December of the same year, Wanding Town was elevated to a county-level town. On July 24, 1953, Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Region was established, with its seat in Luxi County (simultaneously, Lianghe County Autonomous Region was changed to Lianghe County), governing six counties—Luxi, Yingjiang, Lianshan, Longchuan, Ruili, Lianghe—and Wanding Town. In 1956, it was renamed Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, and Baoshan Special District was merged into Dehong Prefecture. In 1958, Lianshan County was abolished and merged into Yingjiang County, with the county seat moved to its present location, Pingyuan Town. In 1963, Baoshan Special District was restored. In 1969, Dehong Prefecture was merged into Baoshan Prefecture, and in 1973, it was separated out and re-established. In January 1985, Wanding Town was abolished and replaced by Wanding City. In June 1992, Ruili County was abolished and replaced by Ruili City. In December 1996, Luxi County was abolished and replaced by Luxi City. In April 1998, the seat of Longchuan County was moved to Zhangfeng Town. In January 1999, Wanding City was abolished and merged into Ruili City, establishing the Wanding Economic Development Zone. In July 2010, Luxi City was renamed Mangshi.

4. Geography

Dehong is geographically located between 97°31′ to 98°43′ east longitude and 23°50′ to 25°20′ north latitude, with a total area of 11,526 square kilometers. It borders the Kachin State of the Union of Myanmar to the south, west, and northwest, sharing a national border of 503.8 kilometers in length. To the east and northeast, it is adjacent to Longling County and Tengchong County of Baoshan City. Dehong served as the exit point of the ancient "Southern Silk Road." Within its territory, nine roads connect to towns in northern Myanmar, and it features two national-level ports—Ruili and Wanding—as well as two provincial-level ports—Yingjiang and Zhangfeng.

4.1 Climate

Dehong is rich in heat resources and has a mild climate, belonging to the South Asian subtropical climate zone. The annual average temperature ranges from 18.3°C to 20°C. The average temperature in January is between 10.9°C and 12.5°C, while in June, it ranges from 22.8°C to 24.3°C. The annual temperature difference is between 11.8°C and 12.8°C, resulting in winters without severe cold and summers without intense heat. Dehong is a high-rainfall area, with annual precipitation ranging from 1,376 to 1,649 millimeters. Rainfall from May to October accounts for 88% to 90% of the annual total, making droughts in winter and spring relatively prominent.

4.2 Resources

The forest coverage rate in Dehong Prefecture is 46.02%. The region is rich in mineral resources, with over 20 types, including copper, iron, gold, silver, nickel, lead, tin, and mercury, which have been discovered and utilized by the Dai people since ancient times. Dehong is also abundant in special industrial raw materials such as gemstones, jade, beryl, and crystal.

5. Administrative Divisions

Dehong Prefecture administers 2 county-level cities and 3 counties.

County-level cities: Ruili City, Mang City Counties: Lianghe County, Yingjiang County, Longchuan County

Administrative Division Map of Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture

| Division Code | Division Name | Chinese Pinyin | Area (km²) | Resident Population (2020 Census) | Seat of Government | Postal Code | Subdistricts | Towns | Townships | Ethnic Townships | |-------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|---------------------------------------|------------------------|-----------------|------------------|-----------|---------------|----------------------| | 533100 | Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture | Déhóng Dǎizú Jǐngpōzú Zìzhìzhōu | 11,172 | 1,315,709 | Mang City | 678400 | 2 | 23 | 26 | 5 | | | ᥟᥪᥒᥱ ᥙᥪᥴ ᥓᥝᥲ ᥙᥩᥒ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥓᥤᥒ ᥚᥨᥲ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ | Sakhkung Sam Jinghpo Amyu Madu Uphkang Mungdo | | | | | | | | | | 533102 | Ruili City | Ruìlì Shì | 945 | 267,638 | Mengmao Subdistrict | 678600 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 1 | | | ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ | Shuili Myu | | | | | | | | | | 533103 | Mang City | Máng Shì | 2,901 | 439,931 | Menghuan Subdistrict | 678400 | 1 | 3 | 2 | | | | ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ | Mangshi Myu | | | | | | | | | | 533122 | Lianghe County | Liánghé Xiàn | 1,136 | 134,268 | Zhedao Town | 679200 | | 3 | 6 | 2 | | | ᥔᥦᥢᥱ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥤᥰ | Lengho Ginwang | | | | | | | | | | 533123 | Yingjiang County | Yíngjiāng Xiàn | 4,317 | 292,508 | Pingyuan Town | 679300 | | 8 | 7 | 1 | | | ᥔᥦᥢᥱ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥲ | Yinkyang Ginwang | | | | | | | | | | 533124 | Longchuan County | Lǒngchuān Xiàn | 1,873 | 181,364 | Zhangfeng Town | 678700 | | 4 | 5 | 1 | | | ᥔᥦᥢᥱ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥝᥢᥰ | Nshon Ginwang | | | | | | | | |

6. Economy

In 2005, the gross regional product reached 5.884 billion yuan, with a per capita GDP of 5,533 yuan. Specifically, the primary industry contributed 1.903 billion yuan, the secondary industry 1.37 billion yuan, and the tertiary industry 2.611 billion yuan, resulting in an industrial structure ratio of 32:23:45. The total fixed asset investment in society amounted to 3.413 billion yuan. Six major industries were established beyond the traditional sectors of grain, sugar, and tea: foreign trade processing, tourism, hydropower and electro-metallurgy, biological resource development, construction and building materials, and animal husbandry. Local fiscal general budget revenue achieved 406 million yuan. The total foreign trade import and export volume reached 390 million U.S. dollars, with imports at 119 million U.S. dollars and exports at 271 million U.S. dollars. The per capita disposable income of urban residents was 8,395 yuan, while the per capita net income of farmers was 1,504 yuan. The region's electricity generation exceeded 1 billion kilowatt-hours, cement production surpassed 600,000 tons, and the output of pigs, cattle, and sheep exceeded 40,000 tons.

In 2008, the gross regional product achieved 9.97 billion yuan, an increase of 11.5% over the previous year. The per capita disposable income of urban residents reached 11,450 yuan, a growth of 9.1%. The per capita net income of farmers was 2,439 yuan, up by 19.2%. The per capita consumption expenditure of urban residents was 8,787 yuan, rising by 8.6%, while that of rural residents was 2,208 yuan, increasing by 24.2%.

7. Transportation

7.1 Overview

Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture is located in the western part of Yunnan Province and is a multi-ethnic region primarily inhabited by the Dai and Jingpo peoples. Dehong boasts a well-developed transportation network covering various modes such as highways, railways, and aviation, providing strong transportation support for the region's economic and social development.

7.2 Highways

Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture has a developed highway network, with major roads including:

• Expressways: Dehong is traversed by several expressways, such as the G56 Hangrui Expressway and National Highway G320, connecting major cities like Kunming, Baoshan, and Ruili.
• National and Provincial Highways: The prefecture features multiple national and provincial highways, such as National Highway G320 and Provincial Highway S233, linking various counties and cities within the region.

7.3 Railways

The railway network in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture is under construction, with major railways including:

• Dali-Ruili Railway: The Dali-Ruili Railway passes through Dehong, connecting Dali and Ruili. It is expected to further enhance the region's railway transportation capacity in the future.

7.4 Aviation

Aviation transportation in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture primarily relies on Mangshi Airport, located approximately 6 kilometers from downtown Mangshi, with a travel time of about 10 minutes. Mangshi Airport is one of the major aviation hubs in Yunnan Province, offering multiple domestic and international flight routes.

7.5 Urban Transportation

Urban transportation within Dehong Prefecture mainly consists of buses and taxis. Bus routes cover major areas of the city, while taxis provide convenient and fast services. Additionally, urban rail transit is planned for the prefecture, which will further enhance urban transportation capacity in the future.

7.6 Transportation Policies

The government of Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture places great emphasis on transportation development, actively promoting the improvement and upgrading of transportation infrastructure. Through measures such as increasing transportation investment, optimizing the transportation network, and enhancing the quality of transportation services, the government continuously improves transportation capacity to foster economic and social development.

8. Education

8.1 Overview

Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture is located in western Yunnan Province and is a multi-ethnic region primarily inhabited by the Dai and Jingpo peoples. Dehong has a well-developed education system covering all stages from preschool to higher education, providing strong talent support for the economic and social development of Dehong.

8.2 Preschool Education

Preschool education in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture has developed rapidly in recent years, with main forms including:

• Kindergartens: Dehong has numerous public and private kindergartens that provide high-quality preschool education services for children of appropriate age.

8.3 Basic Education

The basic education system in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture is well-established, mainly including:

• Primary Schools: Dehong has a high enrollment rate in primary education, with continuously improving teaching quality.
• Junior High Schools: Junior high school education in Dehong focuses on the all-round development of students, with steadily improving teaching quality.
• Senior High Schools: Senior high school education in Dehong is oriented towards further education, with teaching quality ranking among the top in the province.

8.4 Vocational Education

Vocational education in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture aims to cultivate practical talents, with main forms including:

• Secondary Vocational Schools: Dehong has several secondary vocational schools offering various practical majors such as tourism services, hotel management, and mechanical processing.
• Higher Vocational Colleges: Higher vocational colleges in Dehong aim to cultivate high-quality technical and skilled talents, offering various applied majors.

8.6 Higher Education

Higher education in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture has developed rapidly in recent years, with main forms including:

• Undergraduate Institutions: Dehong has several undergraduate institutions, such as Dehong Teachers College, providing a large number of high-quality talents for the economic and social development of Dehong.
• Specialized Colleges: Specialized colleges in Dehong aim to cultivate applied talents, offering various practical majors.

8.7 Education Policies

The government of Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture attaches great importance to education and actively promotes educational reform and development. By increasing investment in education, improving educational facilities, and enhancing teacher compensation, the government continuously improves education quality and promotes educational equity.

9. Population

According to the 2020 Seventh National Population Census, the resident population of the prefecture was 1,315,709. Compared with the 1,211,440 people from the Sixth National Population Census, there was an increase of 104,269 people over the past ten years, a growth of 8.61%, with an average annual growth rate of 0.83%. Among them, males accounted for 686,236 people, representing 52.16% of the total population; females accounted for 629,473 people, representing 47.84% of the total population. The sex ratio of the total population (with females as 100) was 109.02. The population aged 0–14 was 280,180 people, accounting for 21.29% of the total population; the population aged 15–59 was 862,322 people, accounting for 65.54% of the total population; the population aged 60 and above was 173,207 people, accounting for 13.16% of the total population, of which the population aged 65 and above was 112,066 people, accounting for 8.52% of the total population. The population residing in urban areas was 643,937 people, accounting for 48.94% of the total population; the population residing in rural areas was 671,772 people, accounting for 51.06% of the total population.

9.1. Ethnic Groups

Among the resident population of the prefecture, the Han population was 713,590, accounting for 54.24%; the combined population of various ethnic minorities was 602,119, accounting for 45.76%. Compared with the 2010 Sixth National Population Census, the Han population increased by 84,443 people, a growth of 13.42%, and its proportion of the total population increased by 2.3 percentage points; the combined population of ethnic minorities increased by 19,826 people, a growth of 3.4%, and its proportion of the total population decreased by 2.3 percentage points. Among them, the Dai population increased by 7,466 people, a growth of 2.13%, and its proportion of the total population decreased by 1.72 percentage points; the Jingpo population decreased by 437 people, a decline of 0.33%, and its proportion of the total population decreased by 0.91 percentage points.

The Dai people in Dehong Prefecture and nearby counties and cities mostly belong to the Tai Nua group and speak the Tai Nua language.

Ethnic Composition of Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture (2020 Seventh National Population Census) | Ethnic Group | Han | Dai | Jingpo | Lisu | Achang | De'ang | Bai | Yi | Hui | Zhuang | Other Ethnic Groups | |--------------|---------|---------|---------|--------|--------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------| | Population | 713,590 | 357,306 | 133,936 | 34,121 | 30,961 | 14,310 | 9,179 | 7,565 | 3,447 | 1,823 | 9,471 | | Percentage of Total Population (%) | 54.24 | 27.16 | 10.18 | 2.59 | 2.35 | 1.09 | 0.7 | 0.57 | 0.26 | 0.14 | 0.72 | | Percentage of Minority Population (%) | － | 59.34 | 22.24 | 5.67 | 5.14 | 2.38 | 1.52 | 1.26 | 0.57 | 0.3 | 1.57 |

10. Administrative Divisions

Dehong Prefecture administers 2 county-level cities and 3 counties.

County-level cities: Ruili City, Mang City Counties: Lianghe County, Yingjiang County, Longchuan County

Administrative Division Map of Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture

| Division Code | Division Name | Chinese Pinyin | Area (km²) | Resident Population (2020 Census) | Seat of Government | Postal Code | Subdistricts | Towns | Townships | Ethnic Townships | |-------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|---------------------------------------|------------------------|-----------------|------------------|-----------|---------------|----------------------| | 533100 | Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture | Déhóng Dǎizú Jǐngpōzú Zìzhìzhōu | 11,172 | 1,315,709 | Mang City | 678400 | 2 | 23 | 26 | 5 | | | ᥟᥪᥒᥱ ᥙᥪᥴ ᥓᥝᥲ ᥙᥩᥒ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥓᥤᥒ ᥚᥨᥲ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ | Sakhkung Sam Jinghpo Amyu Madu Uphkang Mungdo | | | | | | | | | | 533102 | Ruili City | Ruìlì Shì | 945 | 267,638 | Mengmao Subdistrict | 678600 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 1 | | | ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ | Shuili Myu | | | | | | | | | | 533103 | Mang City | Máng Shì | 2,901 | 439,931 | Menghuan Subdistrict | 678400 | 1 | 3 | 2 | | | | ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ | Mangshi Myu | | | | | | | | | | 533122 | Lianghe County | Liánghé Xiàn | 1,136 | 134,268 | Zhedao Town | 679200 | | 3 | 6 | 2 | | | ᥔᥦᥢᥱ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥤᥰ | Lengho Ginwang | | | | | | | | | | 533123 | Yingjiang County | Yíngjiāng Xiàn | 4,317 | 292,508 | Pingyuan Town | 679300 | | 8 | 7 | 1 | | | ᥔᥦᥢᥱ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥲ | Yinkyang Ginwang | | | | | | | | | | 533124 | Longchuan County | Lǒngchuān Xiàn | 1,873 | 181,364 | Zhangfeng Town | 678700 | | 4 | 5 | 1 | | | ᥔᥦᥢᥱ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥝᥢᥰ | Nshon Ginwang | | | | | | | | |

11. Culture

11.1 Religion

Theravada Buddhism: 374,500 adherents, 595 temples. Chinese Buddhism: 48,796 adherents, 63 temples. Protestantism: 43,382 adherents, 210 churches. Catholicism: 1,994 adherents, 8 churches. Islam: 2,057 adherents, 1 mosque. Taoism: 365 adherents, 1 temple.

11.2 National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units

Nandian Xuanfu Commissioner's Office Yunyanta Pagoda Wanding Bridge

12. Sister Cities

Tak Province, Thailand

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Mangshi

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