1. Introduction

Huludao City is a prefecture-level city under the jurisdiction of Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China. Originally named Jinxi, it is located in the southwestern part of Liaoning Province. The city borders Jinzhou City to the northeast, Chaoyang City to the north, Qinhuangdao City of Hebei Province to the west, and faces the Liaodong Bay to the south. Situated at the junction of Liaoning and Hebei provinces, it lies in the transitional zone between the eastern Hebei mountainous and hilly area and the coastal plain, bordering the Bohai Bay and adjacent to Hebei Province to the south. The terrain is higher in the northwest and lower in the southeast, with the Yanshan Mountains in the west and the Songling Mountains in the north. Major rivers include the Nü'er River, Liugu River, and Xingcheng River. The Municipal People's Government is located in Longgang District. Huludao City is an important industrial, tourism, and military city along the Beijing-Shenyang line, featuring numerous tourist attractions and is known as the "First City Outside the Pass" and the "Back Garden of Beijing."

Huludao City is rich in mineral resources, including lead, zinc, copper, and molybdenum. It is also home to industrial enterprises such as Huludao Chemical (Group) Co., Ltd., Huludao Chemical Machinery (Group) Co., Ltd., China Petroleum Jinxi Refining and Chemical General Plant, Jinxi Natural Gas Co., Ltd., Zinc Plant, and Bohai Shipyard. The Bohai Shipyard produced China's first nuclear submarine and serves as an important conventional submarine base for the country.

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2. History

The establishment of Jinxi as a county seat began in the 32nd year of the Guangxu reign of the Qing Dynasty (1906 AD), initially named the Jiangjiatun Civil Administration Office, located in Jiangjiatun (present-day Gangtun Town, Lianshan District). It was later relocated to Lianshan in the first year of Datong of Manchukuo (1932 AD). Jinxi was changed to a county-level city in 1985 and upgraded to a city under the jurisdiction of Liaoning Province in 1989. In the 43rd year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty (1778 AD), it was called Tazigou Subprefecture, and in the 4th year of Kangde (1937 AD), it was renamed Jianchang County. Suizhong County was established in the 28th year of the Guangxu reign of the Qing Dynasty (1902 AD). The name Xingcheng originated in the 8th year of Tonghe of the Liao Dynasty (990 AD). The name Xingcheng County was reused in the 3rd year of the Republic of China (1914 AD), and it was changed to a county-level city in 1987. Jinxi and Nanpiao established district governance in 1983. Lianshan established district governance in 1989. After the end of the War of Resistance Against Japan, approximately one million Japanese nationals were repatriated from this area. See Repatriation of Japanese Nationals in Huludao.

During the Second Chinese Civil War, the Battle of Tashan in the Liaoshen Campaign took place here.

In August 1954, the provinces of Liaodong and Liaoxi merged. Suizhong, Xingcheng, and Jinxi in this region came under Liaoning Province, while Jianchang came under Rehe Province. In February 1956, Jinxi, Xingcheng, and Suizhong were placed under the Jinzhou Administrative Office of Liaoning Province, and Jianchang under the Chaoyang Administrative Office. On February 23, 1956, the State Council approved the establishment of the Preparatory Committee for Jinhu City, Liaoning Province. On September 11 of the same year, Jinxi City, Liaoning Province, was officially established, with three municipal districts: Jinxi, Yangjiazhangzi, and Mazhangfang. The establishment of Jinxi City was abolished in June 1957. In 1966, Jinxi, Xingcheng, and Suizhong were placed under the leadership of Jinzhou City, while Jianchang County was placed under the leadership of Chaoyang City. In March 1961, the former Mazhangfang Town of Jinxi County was transferred to the leadership of Jinzhou City and renamed Jinxi District. In December 1969, it was transferred back to Jinxi leadership, and Jinxi District was renamed Mazhangfang Town.

On June 12, 1989, the State Council of China approved the upgrade of Jinxi City to a prefecture-level city under the jurisdiction of Liaoning Province. Implementing a city-administering-county leadership system, the former Jinxi City (county-level), Xingcheng City (county-level), Suizhong County, Nanpiao District, and Huludao District under the jurisdiction of Jinzhou City, as well as Jianchang County under the jurisdiction of Chaoyang City, were placed under the leadership of Jinxi City. According to the new administrative division, the former Jinxi City (county-level) was abolished and renamed Lianshan District. On September 20, 1994, Jinxi City was renamed Huludao City, and the former Huludao District was renamed Longgang District.

3. Geography

Huludao City is located in the southwest of Liaoning Province. It borders Jinzhou to the east, Suizhong County to the west, and faces the Liaodong Bay of the Bohai Sea to the south. Together with cities such as Dalian and Yingkou in Liaoning Province, Qinhuangdao and Tangshan in Hebei Province, Tianjin Municipality, and Yantai and Qingdao in Shandong Province, it forms the Bohai Rim Economic Zone. Huludao serves as the western gateway of Liaoning Province and is the first city travelers enter when arriving in Liaoning.

Meteorological Data for Lianshan District, Huludao City (1981–2010)

| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Record high °C (°F) | 11.4 (52.5) | 17.5 (63.5) | 23.4 (74.1) | 33.7 (92.7) | 38.9 (102.0) | 39.7 (103.5) | 37.7 (99.9) | 37.3 (99.1) | 35.6 (96.1) | 30.3 (86.5) | 23.3 (73.9) | 14.4 (57.9) | 39.7 (103.5) | | Average high °C (°F) | -1.5 (29.3) | 2.1 (35.8) | 8.3 (46.9) | 16.6 (61.9) | 22.7 (72.9) | 26.2 (79.2) | 28.4 (83.1) | 28.7 (77.2) | 25.1 (77.2) | 18.0 (64.4) | 8.2 (46.8) | 1.1 (34.0) | 15.3 (59.6) | | Daily mean °C (°F) | -7.7 (18.1) | -3.9 (25.0) | 2.6 (36.7) | 10.8 (51.4) | 17.3 (63.1) | 21.6 (70.9) | 24.5 (76.1) | 24.2 (75.6) | 19.3 (66.7) | 11.9 (53.4) | 2.3 (36.1) | -4.8 (23.4) | 9.8 (49.7) | | Average low °C (°F) | -12.8 (9.0) | -9.1 (15.6) | -2.6 (27.3) | 5.4 (41.7) | 12.1 (53.8) | 17.2 (63.0) | 20.9 (69.6) | 19.9 (67.8) | 13.6 (56.5) | 6.1 (43.0) | -2.7 (27.1) | -9.7 (14.5) | 4.9 (40.7) | | Record low °C (°F) | -26.7 (-16.1) | -22.3 (-8.1) | -14.1 (6.6) | -5.9 (21.4) | 3.0 (37.4) | 8.1 (46.6) | 13.4 (56.1) | 10.3 (50.5) | 0.7 (33.3) | -6.5 (20.3) | -15.7 (3.7) | -23.3 (-9.9) | -26.7 (-16.1) | | Average precipitation (mm) | 3.1 (0.12) | 2.8 (0.11) | 9.7 (0.38) | 28.1 (1.11) | 48.7 (1.92) | 82.2 (3.24) | 151.0 (5.94) | 144.4 (5.69) | 59.8 (2.35) | 32.0 (1.26) | 12.3 (0.48) | 3.5 (0.14) | 577.6 (22.74) | | Average relative humidity (%) | 51 | 50 | 48 | 53 | 58 | 71 | 81 | 79 | 69 | 60 | 54 | 53 | 61 |

4. Administrative Divisions

Huludao City currently administers 3 municipal districts, 2 counties, and manages 1 county-level city on behalf of the province.

• Municipal Districts: Lianshan District, Longgang District, Nanpiao District
• County-level City: Xingcheng City
• Counties: Suizhong County, Jianchang County

Additionally, Huludao City has established the following economic management zones: Huludao Economic Development Zone, Yangjiazhangzi Economic Development Zone.

| Division Code | Division Name | Chinese Pinyin | Area (km²) | Resident Population (2020 Census) | Government Seat | Postal Code | Subdistricts | Towns | Townships | Of which: Ethnic Townships | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | 211400 | Huludao City | Huludao Shi | 10,414.21 | 2,434,194 | Longgang District | 125000 | 29 | 37 | 55 | 19 | | 211402 | Lianshan District | Lianshan Qu | 1,173.14 | 468,110 | Lianshan Subdistrict | 125000 | 8 | 3 | 6 | | | 211403 | Longgang District | Longgang Qu | 181.24 | 294,250 | Yuhuang Subdistrict | 125000 | 8 | | 1 | | | 211404 | Nanpiao District | Nanpiao Qu | 992.97 | 182,135 | Jiulong Subdistrict | 125000 | 6 | 6 | 4 | | | 211421 | Suizhong County | Suizhong Xian | 2,780.25 | 545,963 | Suizhong Town | 125200 | | 14 | 11 | 6 | | 211422 | Jianchang County | Jianchang Xian | 3,184.60 | 453,436 | Jianchang Town | 125300 | | 7 | 21 | 1 | | 211481 | Xingcheng City | Xingcheng Shi | 2,102.01 | 490,300 | Wenquan Subdistrict | 125100 | 7 | 7 | 12 | 12 |

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5. Transportation

• National Highway 228 passes through the area.
• Shenyang-Shanhaiguan Railway and Beijing-Harbin Railway pass through the area.

6. Education

Schools

• Liaoning Technical University Huludao Campus
• Liaoning Finance and Trade College
• Huludao No. 1 Senior High School
• Huludao No. 2 Senior High School
• Huludao Experimental High School
• Huludao Longgang District Fenghua Middle School
• Huludao Experimental Middle School
• Huludao No. 6 Junior High School
• Huludao No. 7 Middle School
• Huludao Experimental Primary School
• Huludao No. 2 Experimental Primary School
• Bohai Shipbuilding Vocational College
• Huludao Lianshan Experimental Middle School
• Huludao Bohai Primary School

7. Population

At the beginning of 2022, the total number of households in the city was 989,000, with a total population of 2.714 million. Among them, the urban population was 957,000, accounting for 35.3% of the total population; the rural population was 1.757 million, accounting for 64.7% of the total population. The male population was 1.381 million, accounting for 50.9% of the total population; the female population was 1.333 million, accounting for 49.1% of the total population; the sex ratio was 104:100. The annual birth rate was 5.21‰, and the death rate was 5.67‰.

According to the Seventh National Population Census in 2020, the city's resident population was 2,434,194. Compared with the 2,623,541 people from the Sixth National Population Census, the population decreased by 189,347 over the ten-year period, a decline of 7.22%, with an average annual growth rate of -0.75%. Among them, the male population was 1,230,001, accounting for 50.53% of the total population; the female population was 1,204,193, accounting for 49.47% of the total population. The overall sex ratio (with females as 100) was 102.14. The population aged 0–14 was 314,043, accounting for 12.9% of the total population; the population aged 15–59 was 1,498,216, accounting for 61.55% of the total population; the population aged 60 and above was 621,935, accounting for 25.55% of the total population, of which the population aged 65 and above was 425,474, accounting for 17.48% of the total population. The urban population was 1,332,975, accounting for 54.76% of the total population; the rural population was 1,101,219, accounting for 45.24% of the total population.

7.1 Ethnic Groups

Huludao is a multi-ethnic area, home to 27 ethnic groups including Han, Manchu, Mongol, Hui, Korean, Xibe, Miao, Yi, Li, Tujia, Zhuang, Daur, Tibetan, Mulao, Russian, Uyghur, Bouyei, and Dong. Among the city's resident population, the Han population was 1,758,863, accounting for 72.26%; the combined population of ethnic minorities was 675,331, accounting for 27.74%. Compared with the Sixth National Population Census in 2010, the Han population decreased by 144,546, a decline of 7.59%, with its share of the total population decreasing by 0.29 percentage points; the combined population of ethnic minorities decreased by 44,801, a decline of 6.22%, with its share of the total population increasing by 0.29 percentage points. Among them, the Manchu population decreased by 48,047, a decline of 7.17%, with its share of the total population increasing by 0.01 percentage points; the Mongol population increased by 1,644, a growth of 4.45%, with its share of the total population increasing by 0.18 percentage points.

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8. Sister Cities

• Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
• Miyazaki City, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan
• Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture, Japan
• Oberursel, Hesse, Germany
• Phetchaburi City, Phetchaburi Province, Thailand
• Jelgava City, Latvia
• Bupyeong District, Incheon Metropolitan City, South Korea
• Taitung City, Taitung County, Taiwan Province
• Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province

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Longgang District

Suizhong County

The Han ethnic group accounts for 72.26% of the population; ethnic minorities account for 27.74%.

Pinus tabuliformis

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