Putian (莆田)

1. Introduction

Putian City (Xinghua Pinghua characters: Pó-chéng chī, [pʰɔu˩˩ lɛŋ˩˧ tsʰi˩˩] (Putian accent)/[pʰɔu˨˨ lɛŋ˨˦ tsʰi˨˩] (Xianyou accent)), abbreviated as Pu, also known as Puyang, Puxian, historically called Xing'an and Xinghua, is a prefecture-level city under the jurisdiction of Fujian Province, People's Republic of China, located in the central coastal area of Fujian Province. The city borders Fuzhou City to the north, Quanzhou City to the southwest, and faces Taiwan across the Taiwan Strait to the southeast. It lies in the mountainous and hilly regions of southeastern Fujian and the coastal plains, with the Daiyun Mountains to the northwest and the Xinghua Plain to the southeast. The Mulan River flows from west to east through the central part of the city and empties into Xinghua Bay. Putian has historically served as a connecting point between eastern and southern Fujian and was once a commercial center in central-southern Fujian. Meizhou Island is the location of the ancestral temple of Mazu and the birthplace of Mazu culture. In September 2023, it was designated as a National Historical and Cultural City.

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2. History

Putian has historically been a place where culture and talent flourished. In the late Western Jin Dynasty, as wars ravaged the Central Plains, advanced production techniques and culture migrated southward along with the aristocratic families. A large number of Han Chinese moved southward into the Min region.

In the second year of the Guangda era of the Chen Dynasty during the Southern Dynasties (568 AD), Putian was established as a county.

In the second year of the Shengli era under Empress Wu Zetian of the Tang Dynasty (699 AD), the western part of Putian County was separated to establish Qingyuan County (later renamed Xianyou County). Both Putian and Xianyou counties belonged to the Qingyuan Commandery at the time (with its seat located in present-day Quanzhou).

In the third year of the Taiping Xingguo era of the Northern Song Dynasty (978 AD), Lin Juyi, a native of Youyang Cave in Xianyou County, launched a peasant uprising in Baizhang Town near Youyang Cave, proclaiming himself the "King of Xiping." The uprising failed the following year.

In the fourth year of the Taiping Xingguo era (979 AD), to pacify the people who had followed Lin Juyi’s uprising, parts of Putian and Xianyou counties were separated to establish Xinghua County. The Taiping Army was established (renamed the Xinghua Army the following year), with its seat in Youyang Cave, governing Putian, Xianyou, and Xinghua counties.

In the eighth year of the Taiping Xingguo era (983 AD), the seat of the Xinghua Army was moved from Youyang Cave to Putian. Putian gradually became the political, economic, and cultural center of central Fujian.

In the second year of the Jingyan era of the Song Dynasty (1277 AD), the Xinghua Army was elevated to Xing’an Prefecture.

During the Yuan Dynasty, it was renamed Xinghua Circuit and Xinghua Sub-province.

In the Ming Dynasty, it was changed to Xinghua Prefecture, and Xinghua County was abolished, with its territory merged into Putian and Xianyou counties.

During the Qing Dynasty, it remained Xinghua Prefecture.

In the Republican era, the prefecture system was abolished, and the area successively belonged to the Southern Route Circuit, Xiamen Circuit, Fujian Province, Xingquan Province, and the Fourth Administrative Inspection District of Fujian.

From 1934 to 1937, local organizations of the Chinese Communist Party carried out guerrilla warfare in the central Fujian region around Putian.

After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, Putian and Xianyou counties successively belonged to the Fifth Administrative Inspection District of Fujian, Jinjiang Special District, Minhou Special District, and Putian Prefecture.

On April 28, 1983, the State Council approved the abolition of Putian Prefecture. The five counties of Minqing, Yongtai, Fuqing, Changle, and Pingtan were transferred to Fuzhou City, while Putian and Xianyou counties were transferred to Jinjiang Prefecture.

On September 9, 1983, the State Council approved the establishment of the prefecture-level Putian City, with part of the administrative area of Putian County as its administrative area. Chengxiang and Hanjiang districts were established from parts of Putian County. Chengxiang District was formed from Chengxiang Town and Chengjiao Commune of Putian County, while Hanjiang District was formed from Hanjiang Town and Hanjiang Commune of Putian County. Putian and Xianyou counties from Jinjiang Prefecture were placed under the jurisdiction of Putian City.

On February 1, 2003, with the approval of the State Council, partial administrative divisions were adjusted. Some townships of the former Putian County were incorporated into Chengxiang and Hanjiang districts, and two new districts, Licheng and Xiuyu, were established.

Putian City currently administers four districts: Chengxiang, Licheng, Hanjiang, and Xiuyu, and oversees Xianyou County.

3. Geography

Putian City is located in the central coastal area of Fujian Province. It faces the Taiwan Strait to the east, looking across the sea towards Taiwan, borders the provincial capital Fuzhou to the north, adjoins Quanzhou to the south and is close to Xiamen. Its coordinates are between 118°27' - 119°39' east longitude and 24°59' - 25°46' north latitude, with a land area of approximately 4,200 square kilometers. The terrain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, featuring mountains at its back and the sea in front. The northwestern part is characterized by overlapping mountain ranges, the central area by rolling hills, and the southeastern part by the vast Xinghua Plain, which, together with the meandering Mulan River, Yanshou River, and Qiulu River, forms a typical Jiangnan watertown landscape.

Putian has a coastline stretching 343.6 kilometers, accounting for about 10.3% of Fujian Province's total coastline. It boasts Meizhou Bay, Xinghua Bay, and Pinghai Bay. Among these, the Xiuyu and Dongwu areas of Meizhou Bay are noted for their deep, wide, ice-free, and silt-free harbors, hailed as a "rare natural harbor, uncommon in the world and scarce in China."

3.1 Climate

Putian City has a maritime subtropical monsoon climate. The annual average temperature ranges from 18°C to 21°C, with an average annual sunshine duration of 1,995.9 hours, a frost-free period of 300-350 days, and an annual rainfall of 1,000-1,800 millimeters.

| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Annual | |-----------|------|------|------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------|------|------|----------| | Record High °C | 27 | 31.1 | 30.3 | 32 | 33.8 | 35.6 | 36.9 | 36.7 | 36.4 | 33.5 | 31.1 | 28.4 | 36.9 | | Record High °F | 80.6 | 88 | 86.5 | 89.6 | 92.8 | 96.1 | 98.4 | 98.1 | 97.5 | 92.3 | 88 | 83.1 | 98.4 | | Avg. High °C | 16.5 | 17.2 | 19.7 | 23.3 | 27.2 | 29.7 | 33.1 | 32.5 | 30.8 | 27 | 23 | 18.7 | 24.9 | | Avg. High °F | 61.7 | 63 | 67.5 | 73.9 | 81 | 85.5 | 91.6 | 90.5 | 87.4 | 80.6 | 73.4 | 65.7 | 76.8 | | Daily Mean °C | 12.5 | 13.2 | 15.2 | 19.3 | 23.4 | 26.2 | 28.9 | 28.6 | 27.1 | 23.4 | 19.3 | 14.8 | 21 | | Daily Mean °F | 54.5 | 55.8 | 59.4 | 66.7 | 74.1 | 79.2 | 84 | 83.5 | 80.8 | 74.1 | 66.7 | 58.6 | 69.8 | | Avg. Low °C | 10 | 10.7 | 12.3 | 16.4 | 20.6 | 23.6 | 25.8 | 25.6 | 24.6 | 21.1 | 16.9 | 12.2 | 18.3 | | Avg. Low °F | 50 | 51.3 | 54.1 | 61.5 | 69.1 | 74.5 | 78.4 | 78.1 | 76.3 | 70 | 62.4 | 54 | 65 | | Record Low °C | 1.5 | 4.1 | 2.8 | 9.1 | 15 | 16.2 | 22 | 21.5 | 19.8 | 13.2 | 6.3 | 1.8 | 1.5 | | Record Low °F | 34.7 | 39.4 | 37 | 48.4 | 59 | 61.2 | 71.6 | 70.7 | 67.6 | 55.8 | 43.3 | 35.2 | 34.7 | | Avg. Precipitation mm | 37 | 81.1 | 130 | 138.4 | 199.3 | 252.5 | 158.1 | 215.6 | 155.9 | 49.1 | 34.1 | 25.8 | 1,476.90 | | Avg. Precipitation inches | 1.46 | 3.19 | 5.12 | 5.45 | 7.85 | 9.94 | 6.22 | 8.49 | 6.14 | 1.93 | 1.34 | 1.02 | 58.15 | | Avg. Relative Humidity (%) | 70 | 74 | 74 | 76 | 76 | 81 | 76 | 77 | 71 | 65 | 65 | 67 | 73 |

4. Administrative Divisions

Putian City currently administers 4 districts and 1 county.

• Municipal Districts: Chengxiang District, Hanjiang District, Licheng District, Xiuyu District
• County: Xianyou County Additionally, Putian City has established the following administrative management zones: Meizhou Bay North Shore Economic Development Zone and Meizhou Island National Tourist Resort, which possess certain county-level administrative powers.

| Division Code | Division Name | Hinghwa Romanized | Area (km²) | Resident Population (2020 Census) | Government Seat | Postal Code | Subdistricts | Towns | Townships | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | 350300 | Putian City | Pó-chéng chī | 4,130.78 | 3,210,714 | Chengxiang District | 351100 | 8 | 40 | 6 | | 350302 | Chengxiang District | Síng-sio̤ng kṳ | 505.06 | 547,422 | Xialin Subdistrict | 351100 | 3 | 4 | | | 350303 | Hanjiang District | Háng-gang kṳ | 799.56 | 479,605 | Handong Subdistrict | 351100 | 2 | 9 | 1 | | 350304 | Licheng District | Lā̤-síng kṳ | 300.25 | 673,935 | Zhenhai Subdistrict | 351100 | 2 | 4 | | | 350305 | Xiuyu District | Siu̍-sṳ̄ kṳ | 684.81 | 604,684 | Hushi Town | 351100 | | 11 | | | 350322 | Xianyou County | Sing-iú gā̤ⁿ | 1,841.11 | 905,068 | Licheng Subdistrict | 351200 | 1 | 12 | 5 |

5. Economy

5.1 Primary Industry

5.1.1 Fishery

Putian City boasts a thriving fishery with abundant aquatic resources. The main species include eel, prawn, large yellow croaker, Spanish mackerel, pike, sturgeon, razor clam, clam, oyster, and laver (nori). There are approximately 275,000 mu (about 18,333 hectares) of utilizable shallow seas and tidal flats, and 60,000 mu (about 4,000 hectares) of freshwater areas, indicating significant potential for aquaculture. The coastal regions are rich in crude salt, with products exported to Southeast Asia and the United States.

5.1.2 Animal Husbandry

A specialty domestic pig breed in Putian City is the "Putian Pig."

5.1.3 Planting Industry

Putian City is rich in products with a wide variety and is one of Fujian's famous production areas for grains, sugarcane, and fruits. The city's total land area is 397,300 hectares, including 25,000 hectares of orchards and 244,000 hectares of forest land. It abundantly produces rice, sugarcane, peanuts, jute, and tea. Its four renowned fruits—longan, lychee, loquat, and seedless honey pomelo—are famous both domestically and internationally. Nanri abalone, Putian longan, Putian loquat, and Duwei Wendan pomelo are recognized as China's geographical indication products.

5.1.4 Mining Industry

Putian City is rich in mineral resources, with 13 types of proven mineral deposits. The reserves of serpentine, a major mineral, account for about 70% of the province's total. Kaolin and granite are of high grade and substantial reserves, holding significant mining value. Other minerals available for development include aluminum, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, tungsten, and iron.

5.2 Secondary Industry

Currently, the industrial sector has formed pillar industries such as footwear and leather, electronics, food, machinery, and building materials. The city is widely known as the "Shoe City," "Electronics City," "Beer City," and "Arts and Crafts City."

5.3 Tertiary Industry

5.3.1 Putian System Hospitals (Not part of Putian's local industry)

In 2014, Putian natives engaged in the medical industry worldwide jointly initiated the establishment of the Putian (China) Health Industry Association. They operate private hospitals and contract departments within military and armed police hospitals across the country.

6. Transportation

6.1 Highways

Putian City currently has the G15 Shenyang-Haikou Expressway, S10 Ningde-Guangze Expressway, G15 Shenyang-Haikou Expressway Parallel Route, port access channels in various counties and districts, and the under-construction G1517 Putian-Yanping Expressway.

6.2 Railways

Existing railways include the Fuzhou-Xiamen Railway, Yongtai-Putian Railway, the Meizhou Bay Port Railway Branch (freight dedicated line), and the Fuzhou-Xiamen High-Speed Railway connects within Putian territory. Passenger railway stations: Putian Station, Hanjiang Station, Xianyou Station. Three freight stations under construction or in operation: Hanjiang North Station (overtaking station), Putian East Station (freight), Xianyou Linan Railway Station (planned).

6.3 Aviation

Putian City does not have a civil aviation airport. Nearby airports include Fuzhou Changle International Airport, Quanzhou Jinjiang International Airport, Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport, etc.

The construction of Putian Beigao Airport is planned. It is positioned as a civil regional airport, with overall planning to meet the requirements for takeoff and landing of aircraft such as the Airbus A320 and Boeing 737 series. In the near term, it will be built to 4C standards, with provisions for future 4D upgrade; the number of aircraft stands is planned to be 10 in the near term and 20 in the long term; planned land use is 3,300 mu in the near term and 3,750 mu in the long term. The design unit recommends Tingjiang as the primary site, with Jiaoxi in Huating Town, Chengxiang District, and Houhai Reclamation Area as alternative sites.

6.4 Public Bus

Putian Bus Station is located at the intersection of Wenxian Road and Liyuan Road in Licheng District, Putian City (Kuokou).

6.5 Ferry

Putian City has a coastline of 343.6 kilometers. The three major bays—Meizhou Bay, Xinghua Bay, and Pinghai Bay—constitute rich port resource advantages. Meizhou Bay is a natural deep-water harbor that is "rare in China and uncommon in the world." Located in the central western coast of the Taiwan Strait, it is only 72 nautical miles from Taichung Port. It features deep and wide waters, calm winds, is ice-free and silt-free, with excellent geology. Vessels of up to 100,000 tons can enter and exit freely. The deep-water shoreline with a depth of over 10 meters extends for 30.9 kilometers, capable of accommodating over 150 berths of 10,000 tons or more, accounting for about half of the planned national deep-water berths. Currently, 49 berths have been constructed. Xiuyu Port has been opened as a national Class I port. Putian Zhongmei Ferry Company is responsible for the ferry route from Wenjia to Meizhou Island. Putian Shinan Ferry Company is responsible for the ferry route from Shicheng to Nanri Island. Putian Meizhou Island Ferry Company is responsible for ferry routes from Meizhou Island to Kinmen, Matsu, Penghu, and Taichung (irregular routes).

6.6 Urban Rail Transit

Putian's urban rail transit is in the planning stage, with two urban rail routes reserved in the plan. One is an urban light rail, starting from the intercity railway Hanjiang Station and ending at the Mazu New City Central Area, passing through Xitianwei, Chengxiang traditional commercial district, the north bank area of Mulan River, Putian Central Railway Station, Hushi area, and Pinghai Bay area. The other is an airport express rail, originating from Putian Hou Airport, running along Yingbin Avenue and Zhiming Road to connect with the urban express rail. It is recommended to adopt a ground-level light rail form.

7. Education

7.1 History

Around the second year of the Yongding era (558 AD) of the Chen dynasty in the Southern Dynasties, the three Zheng Lu brothers established the Hushan Academy on Nanshan (present-day Phoenix Mountain) in Putian, known historically as "Initiating Learning in Putian." This was the earliest formal school education in Putian.

In the third year of the Wude era (620 AD) of the Tang dynasty, Jin Li from Putian became the first to pass the imperial Jinshi examination. During the Tang dynasty, Lin Pi had nine sons who all served as Cishi (prefects), earning the family the titles "One Family, Nine Cishi" and "The Nine Pastors Lin Family." During the Dali era (766–779 AD), Lin Yun, son of Lin Pi, founded the Chengzhu Academy, pioneering private education in Putian. Meanwhile, Lin Zao, the second son of Lin Pi, became the first person from Putian County to pass the Jinshi examination after the county's establishment.

In the 24th year of the Guangxu era (1898) of the Qing dynasty, Peiyuan Western Academy was established as a full-time modern school. In the 15th year of the Guangxu era (1889), the Catholic Church founded the Hanjiang Orphanage and the Pinghai Orphanage, marking the beginning of early childhood education in the Putian region.

7.2 Higher Education

Undergraduate Institution: Putian University Vocational College: Meizhouwan Vocational and Technical College

7.3 Secondary Education

7.3.1 Regular Senior High Schools

7.3.2 Secondary Vocational Schools

As of July 2024, Putian City (including Xianyou County) has a total of 13 secondary vocational (specialized secondary) schools:

• Fujian Meizhouwan Vocational and Technical School
• Fujian Putian Vocational and Technical School
• Fujian Putian Health School
• Putian Art School
• Fujian Putian Sports School (Putian Key Amateur Sports School)
• Fujian Putian Senior Technical School
• Putian Polytechnic Technology School
• Fujian Xianyou Vocational Secondary School
• Fujian Xianyou Overseas Chinese Vocational Secondary School
• Fujian Putian Strait Vocational Secondary School
• Fujian Putian Science and Technology Vocational School
• Fujian Putian Overseas Chinese Vocational Secondary School
• Putian Industrial Vocational and Technical School

8. Population

By the end of 2022, Putian City had a permanent resident population of 3.199 million, a decrease of 21,000 from the end of the previous year. Among them, the urban permanent resident population was 2.0477 million, accounting for 64.01% of the total population (the urbanization rate of permanent residents), an increase of 0.51 percentage points from the end of the previous year. The annual number of births was 19,900, with a birth rate of 6.23‰; the number of deaths was 21,900, with a death rate of 6.85‰; the natural growth rate was -0.62‰. The registered population at the end of the year was 3.6729 million, an increase of 6,000 from the end of the previous year.

According to the Seventh National Population Census in 2020, the city's permanent resident population was 3,210,714. Compared with the 2,778,508 people from the Sixth National Population Census, the total increase over the ten years was 432,206 people, a growth of 15.56%, with an average annual growth rate of 1.46%. Among them, the male population was 1,620,777, accounting for 50.48% of the total population; the female population was 1,589,937, accounting for 49.52% of the total population. The sex ratio of the total population (with females as 100) was 101.94. The population aged 0–14 was 665,644, accounting for 20.73% of the total population; the population aged 15–59 was 1,967,541, accounting for 61.28% of the total population; the population aged 60 and above was 577,529, accounting for 17.99% of the total population, of which the population aged 65 and above was 405,441, accounting for 12.63% of the total population. The population living in urban areas was 2,013,249, accounting for 62.7% of the total population; the population living in rural areas was 1,197,465, accounting for 37.3% of the total population.

8.1. Ethnic Groups

Putian City is home to 33 ethnic groups, including Han, She, Zhuang, Miao, Yao, and Tujia. There are 1.5 million overseas Chinese from Putian residing abroad, distributed across 85 countries and regions, making it one of China's key hometowns for overseas Chinese.

Among the city's permanent resident population, the Han ethnic population is 3,155,001, accounting for 98.26%; the total population of various ethnic minorities is 55,713, accounting for 1.74%. Compared with the 2010 Sixth National Population Census, the Han population increased by 413,279, a growth of 15.07%, with its share of the total population decreasing by 0.41 percentage points; the total population of ethnic minorities increased by 18,927, a growth of 51.45%, with its share of the total population increasing by 0.41 percentage points.

9. Religion

9.1 Protestantism

The number of Protestant believers exceeds 100,000. Notable churches include the Putian Church (originally the Methodist Episcopal Church's Tiandao Church), completed in 1918, which can accommodate gatherings of up to 3,500 people.

9.2 Buddhism

• Guanghua Temple
• Meifeng Temple
• Guishan Temple
• Nangshan Temple
• Southern Shaolin Temple
• Zhenwutan Temple

9.3 Taoism

• Yuanmiao Temple
• Meizhou Mazu Ancestral Temple
• Jiangkou Dongyue Temple
• Hanjiang Lijiang Temple
• Wutang Jiulian Rock
• Hugong Mountain Jade Emperor Hall

9.4 Three-in-One Religion

• Dongyan Mountain
• Tianyuan Rock
• Sanjiao Temples distributed across various villages Note: Religious temples in Putian are more or less influenced by the Three-in-One Religion, especially Taoist temples, some of which also enshrine Buddhist statues.

10. Culture

Putian City has been honored with titles such as "One of the First Batch of Historical and Cultural Cities in Fujian Province", "National Model City for Mutual Support Between the Military and Civilians", "City of Chinese Wood Carving", "Capital of Chinese Classical Craft Furniture", "Chinese Special Industrial Base for Jewelry, Jade and Gemstone Accessories", "Hometown of Track and Field", "Basketball City", "Hometown of Opera", "Hometown of Painting", and "Hometown of Photography". Furthermore, Puxian Opera, Mazu Rituals, Putian Nine-Carp Lantern Dance, Huangshi Huiyang Shiyin Music, and the Fengting Lantern Festival Parade Custom in Xianyou County have all been included in the National Intangible Cultural Heritage List.

10.1 Language

The main dialect spoken in Putian City is the Puxian sub-dialect (Xinghua sub-dialect) of the Min Chinese language, which belongs to the Min branch of the Sinitic languages within the Sino-Tibetan language family. The Puxian sub-dialect can be divided into two dialects: Putianhua and Xianyouhua, referred to by locals as "Bendihua" (local speech).

Puxian language preserves many pronunciations of ancient Central Plains Chinese from before the Tang Dynasty. A characteristic of Putianhua is its clear distinction among eight tones (including the entering tone with a bright yang register). The famous assertions regarding ancient phonology proposed by Qing Dynasty scholar Qian Daxin, such as "no light labials in ancient times" and "no retroflex stops in ancient times", can find numerous examples in the Xinghua language. In modern Standard Chinese (Mandarin), there are only four tones: Yinping, Yangping, Shangsheng, and Qusheng, with no entering tone. This is because the entering tone characters disappeared during the evolution of ancient Chinese, around the Yuan Dynasty. However, the Puxian dialect still retains a large number of entering tones from Middle Chinese, forming a complete set of eight tones. When some people write classical-style poetry and are unsure which characters belong to the oblique tones (仄声), reading them in Puxian dialect can clarify: syllables that are short and cannot be prolonged are entering tones, and entering tones belong to the oblique tones.

Additionally, several villages in the southwestern part of Yuanzhuang Town and the southern part of Longhua Town in Xianyou County speak the Haikou accent of the Quanzhang sub-dialect (Quanzhou dialect) of the Southern Min language. The westernmost part of Duwei Town in Xianyou County speaks the Fucheng accent of the Quanzhang sub-dialect (Quanzhou dialect) of the Southern Min language. Fuye Village in Nanri Town, Xiuyu District, is a dialect island of the Quanzhang sub-dialect (Quanzhou dialect) of the Southern Min language.

10.2 Cuisine

• Putian Braised Noodles
• Xinghua Rice Vermicelli
• Qiang Rou (Quick-fried Meat Slices)
• Oyster Omelette
• Wontons (Bian Shi)
• Braised Tofu
• Putian Pan-fried Buns
• Taro Cake (Yu Guo)
• Jin Guo (Golden Cake)
• Si Fen (Slippery Noodles)

10.3 Scenic Spots

Putian City boasts over 250 scenic spots and cultural relics.

• Twenty-Four Scenes of Putian
• Four Great Scenes of Xianyou
• Twelve Coastal Scenes
• Meizhou Island
• Jiuli Lake
• Guanghua Temple
• Southern Shaolin Temple
• Jiaji Thatched Cottage
• Putian Arts and Crafts City

10.4 National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units

• Mulan Weir
• Sakyamuni Buddha Pagoda
• Three Pure Ones Hall of Yuanmiao Temple
• Tianzhong Wanshou Pagoda
• Zhenhai Embankment
• Wuchen Pagoda
• Mazu Temple
• Pinghai Tianhou Palace
• Ninghai Bridge
• Longhua Twin Pagodas
• Xianyou Confucian Temple

11. Sister Cities

As of January 1, 2024, Putian City has established 5 pairs of international sister city relationships with 4 countries. | Sister City | Date Established | Signing Location | |--------------------|----------|---------------------------| | Batesville, Arkansas, USA | 9/17/07 | Batesville | | Cumberland, British Columbia, Canada | 9/24/07 | Cumberland | | Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia | 11/26/12 | Sibu | | Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia | 1/27/15 | Parramatta | | Launceston, Australia | 8/23/17 | City of Launceston |

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2169 Licheng Middle Avenue, Longqiao Subdistrict, Chengxiang District

Xianyou County

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Litchi tree

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