Qinzhou (钦州)

1. Introduction

Qinzhou City (Postal romanization: Yamchow, Yen Chow), abbreviated as Qin, is a prefecture-level city under the jurisdiction of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. It is located in southern Guangxi, along the coast of the Beibu Gulf. The city borders Fangchenggang City to the west, Nanning City to the north, Yulin City to the east, and Beihai City and the Beibu Gulf to the south. Situated in the hilly region of the Southern Guangxi Platform, it is flanked by Luoyang Mountain to the north, the Liuwandashan Mountains to the northeast, and the Shiwandashan Mountains to the northwest. The Qin River flows from northeast to southwest through the urban area before emptying into the Beibu Gulf. Qinzhou is an important transportation hub within the region and a frontier city of the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area. The Nanning–Fangchenggang Railway, Qinzhou–Beihai Railway, and Qinzhou–Fangchenggang Railway converge in the urban area, and Qinzhou Port is a significant harbor in the Beibu Gulf. The Municipal People's Government is located on Dongsheng Street, Changtian Subdistrict, Qinbei District.

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2. History

Qinzhou was historically known as Guyue and Anzhou, with a history spanning over 1,400 years. During the pre-Qin period, the Guangdong and Guangxi regions were inhabited by the Baiyue ethnic groups. Qin Shi Huang was the first to implement the commandery and county system nationwide. After unifying the Lingnan region (present-day Guangdong and Guangxi), he established Xiang Commandery and placed the area of present-day Qinzhou under its jurisdiction. During the Han Dynasty, the administrative division of "zhou" (provinces) was established. The Guangdong and Guangxi regions were governed by Jiaozhou, and the area of present-day Qinzhou was under the jurisdiction of Hepu Commandery within Jiaozhou. In the Three Kingdoms period, Jiaozhou was under the control of the Wu Kingdom. Through the Jin Dynasty, present-day Qinzhou remained under Hepu Commandery. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, in the Yuanjia era of the Liu Song Dynasty, Songshou Commandery and Songshou County were established, under the jurisdiction of Guangzhou. In the Southern Liang Dynasty, Anjing Commandery was separated from Songshou Commandery and placed under the jurisdiction of Anzhou.

In the 9th year of the Kaihuang era of the Sui Dynasty (589 AD), Songshou Commandery was abolished, and Anjing County was established within Anzhou. In the 18th year of the Kaihuang era (598 AD), Anzhou was renamed Qinzhou, and Songshou County was renamed Qinjiang County. The name "Qin" was derived from the meaning of "respectful submission" and also "taken from the Qin River" (Yuanhe Junxian Zhi). This marks the earliest origin of the name "Qinzhou," with its administrative seat at Qinjiang County. In the 3rd year of the Daye era (603 AD), Qinzhou was abolished and Ningyue Commandery was established. During the Tang Dynasty, the administrative system of "dao" (circuits) was implemented. The present-day Guangdong and Guangxi regions were established as the Lingnan Circuit. In the 4th year of the Wude era (621 AD), Ningyue Commandery was abolished and Qinzhou was re-established. In the 2nd year of the Zhide era (757 AD), Anjing County was renamed Baojing County, governing Qinjiang County, Baojing County, Lingshan County, Zunhua County, and Neiting County. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the Guangdong and Guangxi regions were under the control of the Southern Han Kingdom. After the Song Dynasty unified China, it implemented the administrative system of "lu" (routes). Present-day Guangxi, Hainan, and other areas were under the jurisdiction of Guangnan West Route, while the area of present-day Qinzhou continued to be established as Qinzhou. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, Baojing County was restored as Anjing County. In the 5th year of the Kaibao era (972 AD), Qinjiang County was abolished. In the 3rd year of the Jingde era (1006 AD), Anjing County was renamed Anyuan County. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the administrative seat was moved to Anyuan County.

During the Yuan Dynasty, the province system was first established. The Qinzhou area was placed under the jurisdiction of Huguang Province, and Qinzhou was changed to Qinzhou Route. In the Ming Dynasty, Qinzhou was placed under the Guangdong Provincial Administration Commission. In the 2nd year of the Hongwu era (1369 AD), it became Qinzhou Prefecture. In the 7th year of the Hongwu era (1374 AD), it was downgraded to Qinzhou, and Anyuan County was abolished and merged into the prefecture. In the 14th year of the Hongwu era (1381 AD), it was placed under Lianzhou Prefecture. In the early Qing Dynasty, Qinzhou continued to be under the jurisdiction of Guangdong Province, and no county was established within Qinzhou at that time. In the 14th year of the Guangxu era (1888 AD), the western part of Qinzhou was separated to establish Fangcheng County. Qinzhou was elevated to a directly-administered prefecture, governing present-day Qinzhou and Fangcheng, still under Guangdong Province. In 1912, the prefecture was changed to a county. In 1914, it belonged to the Qin-Lian Circuit.

From the period of the Republic of China on the mainland to the early years of the People's Republic of China, the Qinzhou area remained under the jurisdiction of Guangdong Province. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it belonged to the South Guangdong Special District of Guangdong Province. In 1950, it was renamed the Qin-Lian Special District, and in 1951, it was renamed the Qinzhou Special District. In 1952, the Qinzhou Special District was transferred to Guangxi Province. In 1955, it was changed to the Hepu Special District and returned to Guangdong Province. In 1959, it was placed under the Zhanjiang Special District. In 1964, the Qinzhou Zhuang (the former name for the Zhuang ethnic group) Autonomous County was established (approved in 1963). In 1965, the Qinzhou and Fangchenggang areas established the Qinzhou Special District, which was transferred to the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Qinzhou Zhuang Autonomous County was changed to Qinzhou County, and towns such as Nachen and Xixiang in northern Qinzhou were incorporated into Liangqing District and Yongning District of Nanning City. In 1971, it was renamed the Qinzhou Prefecture. In 1983, Beihai City was separated. In 1987, Hepu County was transferred to Beihai City. In 1993, Fangcheng and Shangsi counties were separated. On June 28, 1994, with the approval of the State Council, Qinzhou Prefecture was abolished and the prefecture-level Qinzhou City was established.

3. Geography

It borders Nanning to the north, Fangchenggang to the west, Yulin to the east, Guigang to the northeast, and Beihai to the southeast. It is located between 20°54′N to 22°41′N latitude and 107°27′E to 109°56′E longitude. Its terrestrial coastline stretches 311.44 kilometers, with the Liuwan Dashan and Shiwan Dashan mountain ranges to the northeast and northwest respectively, both exceeding 1,000 meters in elevation.

3.1 Climate

Qinzhou has a South Asian tropical monsoon climate, characterized by warmth and abundant precipitation. Winters are short and mild, while summers are long and muggy. The average January temperature is 13.6°C, with an extreme low of -1.8°C (recorded on January 12, 1955). The average July temperature is 28.4°C, with an extreme high of 37.9°C (recorded on July 19, 2005). The annual average temperature is 22.2°C. Rainfall is concentrated from May to August, accounting for two-thirds of the annual total. The average annual precipitation is 2150.4 mm. The average annual sunshine duration is 1721.1 hours. Sunshine is less abundant in winter and spring, while summer and autumn are relatively clearer.

|Month|Jan|Feb|Mar|Apr|May|Jun|Jul|Aug|Sep|Oct|Nov|Dec|Year| |:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:| |Record high °C (°F)|27.7(81.9)|31.5(88.7)|31.3(88.3)|34.0(93.2)|34.7(94.5)|37.0(98.6)|37.9(100.2)|37.5(99.5)|36.9(98.4)|35.3(95.5)|32.9(91.2)|28.8(83.8)|37.9(100.2)| |Average high °C (°F)|17.8(64.0)|18.7(65.7)|21.6(70.9)|26.5(79.7)|30.1(86.2)|31.5(88.7)|32.1(89.8)|32.4(90.3)|31.6(88.9)|29.0(84.2)|25.0(77.0)|20.8(69.4)|26.4(79.6)| |Daily mean °C (°F)|13.9(57.0)|15.2(59.4)|18.2(64.8)|23.0(73.4)|26.4(79.5)|28.1(82.6)|28.5(83.3)|28.3(82.9)|27.5(81.5)|24.6(76.3)|20.3(68.5)|16.1(61.0)|22.5(72.6)| |Average low °C (°F)|11.2(52.2)|12.8(55.0)|15.8(60.4)|20.5(68.9)|23.6(74.5)|25.5(77.9)|25.9(78.6)|25.7(78.3)|24.5(76.1)|21.5(70.7)|16.9(62.4)|12.7(54.9)|19.7(67.5)| |Record low °C (°F)|2.4(36.3)|2.4(36.3)|3.8(38.8)|9.0(48.2)|14.6(58.3)|19.0(66.2)|21.9(71.4)|21.4(70.5)|15.9(60.6)|11.6(52.9)|6.0(42.8)|2.3(36.1)|2.3(36.1)| |Average precipitation mm (inches)|48.2(1.90)|57.5(2.26)|71.7(2.82)|115.1(4.53)|220.6(8.69)|410.4(16.16)|489.2(19.26)|381.1(15.00)|197.2(7.76)|88.1(3.47)|64.4(2.54)|30.3(1.19)|2,173.8(85.58)| |Average precipitation days (≥0.1 mm)|11.7|13.7|15.1|15.0|16.3|17.6|19.1|19.3|13.5|10.5|6.9|6.9|165.6| |Average relative humidity (%)|76|81|83|83|82|85|84|83|78|73|70|69|79| |Mean monthly sunshine hours|79.0|55.5|67.3|99.8|169.9|173.2|204.2|186.3|200.3|185.0|162.4|137.7|1,721.1| |Percent possible sunshine|23|17|18|26|42|43|50|47|55|51|49|41|39| Source: China Meteorological Administration (precipitation days and sunshine data from 1971-2000)

4. Administrative Divisions

Qinzhou City administers 2 municipal districts and 2 counties.

• Municipal Districts: Qinnan District, Qinbei District
• Counties: Lingshan County, Pubei County Qinzhou City also has established the following economic management zones: National-level Qinzhou Port Economic and Technological Development Zone, Sanniangwan Tourism Management Zone.

| Division Code | Division Name | Chinese PinyinZhuang Script (Official Transcription) | Area (sq km) | Resident Population (2020 Census) | Government Seat | Postal Code | Subdistricts | Towns | |:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:| | 450700 | Qinzhou City | Qīnzhōu ShìGinhcouh Si | 10,895.44 | 3,302,238 | Qinbei District | 535000 | 12 | 54 | | 450702 | Qinnan District | Qīnnán QūGinhnanz Gih | 2,594.33 | 679,692 | Shuidong Subdistrict | 535000 | 5 | 11 | | 450703 | Qinbei District | Qīnběi QūGinhbwz Gih | 2,217.17 | 720,442 | Changtian Subdistrict | 535000 | 3 | 11 | | 450721 | Lingshan County | Língshān XiànLingzsanh Yen | 3,557.54 | 1,218,140 | Lingcheng Subdistrict | 535400 | 2 | 17 | | 450722 | Pubei County | Pǔběi XiànBujbwz Yen | 2,526.40 | 683,964 | Jiangcheng Subdistrict | 535300 | 2 | 15 |

5. Economy

• Industries include fertilizers, machinery, sugar production, agricultural machinery, mining, biotechnology, medicinal materials processing, and coastal petroleum industries.
• Agriculture is primarily based on fisheries, aquaculture, and rice cultivation.
• Foreign trade is also being actively developed.

6. Transportation

• Railways: Nanfang Railway, Qinbei Railway, Liqin Railway, Yongbei Line (Nanqin Railway, Qinbei High-Speed Railway), Qinfang Railway
• Highways: National Highway 228, National Highway 325.

7. Education

7.1 Higher Education Institutions

• Public Undergraduate University: Beibu Gulf University
• Private Vocational College: Guangxi Yinghua International Vocational College

7.2 Key Secondary Schools

• Qinzhou No.1 Middle School
• Qinzhou No.2 Middle School
• Lingshan Middle School, Lingshan County
• Pubei Middle School
• Qinzhou No.3 Middle School
• Lingshan Experimental Middle School, Lingshan County
• Changtan Middle School, Qinbei District
• Qinzhou Foreign Language School
• Junior High School of Qinzhou No.1 Middle School
• Lingshan Foreign Language School (Junior High School of Lingshan Middle School)
• Qinzhou No.7 Middle School

8. Population

By the end of 2022, the city's total registered population was 4.2044 million, an increase of 9,700 people compared to the end of the previous year.

According to the Seventh National Population Census in 2020, the city's permanent resident population was 3,302,238. Compared with the 3,079,721 people from the Sixth National Population Census, the total increase over the ten years was 222,517 people, a growth of 7.23%, with an average annual growth rate of 0.7%. Among them, the male population was 1,734,634, accounting for 52.53% of the total population; the female population was 1,567,604, accounting for 47.47% of the total population. The sex ratio of the total population (with females as 100) was 110.66. The population aged 0–14 was 951,730, accounting for 28.82% of the total population; the population aged 15–59 was 1,829,773, accounting for 55.41% of the total population; the population aged 60 and above was 520,735, accounting for 15.77% of the total population, of which the population aged 65 and above was 378,592, accounting for 11.46% of the total population. The population living in urban areas was 1,387,474, accounting for 42.02% of the total population; the population living in rural areas was 1,914,764, accounting for 57.98% of the total population.

8.1 Ethnic Groups

Among the city's permanent resident population, the Han ethnic group population was 2,936,395, accounting for 88.92%; the population of various ethnic minorities was 365,843, accounting for 11.08%. Compared with the Sixth National Population Census in 2010, the Han ethnic group population increased by 181,751 people, a growth of 6.6%, with its proportion of the total population decreasing by 0.52 percentage points; the population of various ethnic minorities increased by 40,766 people, a growth of 12.54%, with its proportion of the total population increasing by 0.52 percentage points. Among them, the Zhuang ethnic group population increased by 33,011 people, a growth of 10.5%, with its proportion of the total population increasing by 0.31 percentage points. |Ethnic Group Name|Han|Zhuang|Yao|Miao|Dong|Bouyei|Jing|Tujia|Yi|Mulao|Other Ethnic Groups| |:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:| |Population|2,936,395|347,424|7,848|2,915|1,277|869|759|725|569|512|2,945| |Percentage of Total Population (%)|88.92|10.52|0.24|0.09|0.04|0.03|0.02|0.02|0.02|0.02|0.09| |Percentage of Minority Population (%)|—|94.97|2.15|0.80|0.35|0.24|0.21|0.20|0.16|0.14|0.80|

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9.1 Culture

9.2 Language

Qinzhou is a Cantonese-speaking area, commonly known as Baihua, where the Qinlian variant of Cantonese (also called Qinzhou dialect) is widely spoken, which is mutually intelligible with the Guangzhou dialect used in Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macau. Pinghua and Zhuang language also coexist within the jurisdiction.

9.3 Local Snacks

• Qinzhou Pork Trotter Noodles
• Lingshan Roast Duck Noodles
• Lingshan Sticky Rice Dumpling
• Lingshan Scraped Noodles
• Pork Trotter Noodles
• Sweet Potato Cake
• Lajiyi (a type of local cake)
• Pickled Cucumber Skin
• Char Siu Noodles
• Pubei Wonton Noodles
• Xiaodong Sesame Sticks
• Xiaodong Dog Meat
• Shaping Sesame Cake
• Wuli Beef Jerky

9.4 Scenic Tourism

Qinzhou boasts numerous historical sites and scenic spots, making it a popular tourist destination in southern Guangxi.

• Sanniang Bay
• Malan Island
• Wuhuang Ridge
• Bazhai Gully
• Liufeng Mountain
• Yuezhou Tianhu Lake
• Former Residence of Liu Yongfu
• Former Residence of Feng Zicai
• Dalu Village
• Seventy-two Channels

9.5 National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units

• Architectural Complex of Former Residences of Liu Yongfu and Feng Zicai
• Ancient City of Yuezhou
• Ancient Architectural Complex of Dalu Village

9.6 Products

• The continental shelf of the Beibu Gulf contains approximately 500 million tons of oil reserves and abundant natural gas. There are also quartz sand reserves of about 19.3 million tons and pottery clay reserves of about 3 billion tons.
• Datong Coal Mine
• Agricultural products include rice, peanuts, bananas, Shatang oranges, flat oranges, sand pears, sugarcane, dragon fruit, lychees, longan, passion fruit, and various vegetables.
• The Beibu Gulf, adjacent to Qinzhou, is one of China's four major coastal fishing grounds. It is home to over 500 species of fish, 43 species of shrimp, as well as a diverse range of marine animals and algae, including crabs, shellfish, cephalopods, reptiles, and mammals. Specialties from the sea include pearls, sea cucumbers, clams, sandworms, squid, groundfish, redfish, fish maw, prawns, oysters, and jellyfish.
• Nixing Pottery: A product with a China Geographical Indication.

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Taking the meaning of "respectful and compliant"

Dongsheng Street, Changtian Subdistrict, Qinbei District

Lingshan County

Among the city's permanent residents, the Han Chinese population is 2,936,395, accounting for 88.92%; the ethnic minority population is 365,843, accounting for 11.08%.

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