Luzhou (泸州)

1. Introduction

Luzhou City (Sichuan dialect pinyin: Lu2zhou1; IPA: [lu21tsəu55]), abbreviated as Lu, historically known as Jiangyang, is a prefecture-level city under the jurisdiction of Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China, located in the southeastern part of Sichuan Province. The city borders Chongqing Municipality to the northeast, Neijiang City and Zigong City to the northwest, Yibin City to the west, Zhaotong City of Yunnan Province to the southwest, Bijie City of Guizhou Province to the south, and Zunyi City of Guizhou Province to the east. Situated at the junction of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Chongqing, at the southern end of the Sichuan Basin, its northern part lies within the hilly region of central Sichuan, while its southern part is part of the Dalou Mountains. The Yangtze River traverses the northern part of the city from west to east, converging with the Tuo River in the urban area. The Chishui River forms the boundary with Guizhou Province in the south and turns northward to flow into the Yangtze River at Hejiang County. The city covers a total area of 12,229 square kilometers, with a population of approximately 5.04 million. The municipal people's government is located in Jiangyang District. Luzhou is renowned as China's famous "Liquor City," producing the well-known Luzhou Laojiao and Langjiu liquors. It is also known for its specialty subtropical fruits, longan and lychee. Luzhou is a National Historical and Cultural City, a National Civilized City, an Excellent Tourism City of China, a National Forest City, and a National Hygienic City.

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2. History

During the Xia and Shang dynasties, the area belonged to the territory of Liangzhou.

In the Zhou dynasty, it was under the jurisdiction of the State of Ba. In the fifth year of King Shenjing of Zhou (316 BCE), King Huiwen of Qin sent Zhang Yi and Sima Cuo to conquer Ba and Shu. In the same year, Ba Commandery was established, which included Luzhou.

In the sixth year of Emperor Jing of the Western Han dynasty (151 BCE), Su Jia was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Jiangyang. Jiangyang County was established at the confluence of the Yangtze River and the Tuo River (present-day Jiangyang District, Luzhou City).

In the sixth year of the Jianyuan era of Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty (135 BCE), the southwestern minority regions were developed, and Qianwei Commandery was established, governing Jiangyang County.

During the Shu Han period, Jiangyang Commandery was established, governing three counties, a system continued in the Jin dynasty.

During the Datong era of Emperor Wu of the Liang dynasty in the Southern dynasties (535–546 CE), a prefecture was established, called Luzhou.

In the first year of the Wude era of Emperor Gaozu of the Tang dynasty (618 CE), Luzhou was reestablished. In the third year (620 CE), a Chief Military Command was established, and in the fourth year (621 CE), it was elevated to a Military Governor's Office.

In the sixth year of the Qiandao era of Emperor Xiaozong of the Southern Song dynasty (1170 CE), it was elevated to the Pacification Commissioner of the circuit. In the late Southern Song dynasty, Mongol forces invaded Sichuan. The city of Luzhou was relocated several times: first to Rongshan in Hejiang, then to Sanjiangqi in Jiang'an, and finally to Anleshan in Hejiang. Eventually, a fortress was built at Shenbi Fortress in Hejiang, which held out against the Mongols for 34 years until its fall in the second year of the Jingyan era (1277 CE). During the Yuan dynasty, it belonged to Chongqing Circuit.

In the sixth year of the Hongwu era of Emperor Taizu of the Ming dynasty (1373 CE), Luzhou was directly administered by Sichuan Province. In the ninth year (1376 CE), it was directly administered by the Sichuan Provincial Administration Commission.

In the seventh year of the Jiaqing era of the Qing dynasty (1802 CE), Luzhou was placed under the Yongning Circuit of Southern Sichuan (renamed the Lower Southern Sichuan Circuit in 1908).

Republic of China: Initially, Luzhou was renamed Luxian County and placed under the Yongning Circuit. In 1935, the Seventh Administrative Inspection District was established.

People's Republic of China:
In December 1949, the People's Liberation Army captured Luxian County. The Southern Sichuan Administrative Office (equivalent to a provincial-level administration) was stationed in Luzhou City.

Before the dissolution of the Southern Sichuan Administrative Region on August 7, 1952, it governed 5 prefecture-level administrative units (including 1 prefecture-level city and 4 special districts) and 42 county-level administrative units (including 5 municipal districts, 4 county-level cities, and 33 counties). It included the Luzhou and Luxian District Administrative Inspector's Office (prefecture-level), the Luzhou Special District Commissioner's Office (prefecture-level), and Luzhou City (under the jurisdiction of the Southern Sichuan Administrative Office and prefecture-level administration).

On July 14, 1960, the State Council approved the dissolution of the Luzhou Special District, and its cities and counties were transferred to the Yibin Special District.

During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), Luzhou experienced a series of armed conflicts lasting nearly four years (1967–1970). In just three large-scale conflicts, over 2,000 people were killed, more than 16,000 were injured (including over 8,000 disabled), over 300 million yuan of state funds and more than 68.4 million jin of grain were illegally used, and over 1,000 vehicles and a large quantity of materials were lost.

On March 3, 1983, the State Council approved the change of Luzhou City from prefecture-level to provincial-level administration. The five counties of Luxian, Naxi, Hejiang, Xuyong, and Gulin from the former Yibin Special District were transferred to Luzhou City.

3. Geography

3.1 Location

Luzhou City is located in the southeastern part of Sichuan Province. To its northeast, it borders Rongchang District, Yongchuan District, and Jiangjin District of Chongqing Municipality. To its east and south, it neighbors Chishui City, Xishui County, and Renhuai City of Zunyi City, as well as Qixingguan District and Jinsha County of Bijie City in Guizhou Province. To its southwest, it connects with Weixin County of Zhaotong City in Yunnan Province. To its west and northwest, it adjoins Xingwen County and Jiang'an County of Yibin City, Fushun County of Zigong City, and Longchang City of Neijiang City. It lies between 105°09'–106°28' east longitude and 27°39'–29°20' north latitude.

3.2 Area

The total area is 12,228.64 square kilometers, with a width of 113 kilometers from east to west and a length of 185 kilometers from north to south.

3.3 Topography

Luzhou is situated in the transitional zone between the southern edge of the Sichuan Basin and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, with terrain generally lower in the north and higher in the south. The northern part consists of river valleys, low to medium hills, and contiguous flatlands, known as a land of fish and rice. The southern part connects to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, belonging to the northern foothills of the Dalou Mountains, characterized by low mountains, deeply incised rivers, steep valleys, and abundant forest and mineral resources. The lowest point is the Yangtze River exit estuary in Hejiang, with an elevation of 203 meters. The highest point is Longwan Liangzi at Fenshuichang in Xuyong County, with an elevation of 1,902 meters, resulting in a relative height difference of 1,699 meters.

3.4 Rivers

The rivers within the city belong to the Yangtze River system, with the Yangtze River as the main trunk, forming a dendritic distribution, flowing from south to north and from north to south into the Yangtze. Major rivers include the main stream of the Yangtze River, Tuo River, Chishui River, Gulin River, Yongning River, Tang River, Laixi River, Dongmen River, etc.

The Yangtze River, known in ancient China as Jiangshui or Da Jiang, and simply called Jiang, is the longest river in Asia and the third longest in the world. It is also the longest river in the world entirely within one country. The Luzhou section of the Yangtze River is 136 kilometers long, accounting for 61% of the 224-kilometer Sichuan section of the Yangtze. The Tuo River, anciently called Jiangtuo, also known as Wai Jiang or Zhong Jiang, is a river in central Sichuan Province and a relatively small primary tributary of the Yangtze River, flowing into the Yangtze at Luzhou. The Chishui River is a primary tributary of the Yangtze River. It originates in Mangbu Town, Zhenxiong County, Yunnan Province, flows through Guizhou Province and Luzhou City, Sichuan, turns northwest after Maotai Town on the Sichuan-Guizhou border, passes through Chishui City, and flows north into the Yangtze River at Hejiang County, Luzhou City, Sichuan.

3.5 Climate

Luzhou City belongs to the subtropical monsoon climate zone, with distinct vertical climate in the southern mountainous areas. It features relatively high temperatures, ample sunshine, abundant rainfall, distinct four seasons, and pronounced monsoon characteristics. Springs and autumns are warm, summers are hot, and winters are not very cold. The frost-free period is long, with temperature, sunlight, and water coinciding in the same season, making it suitable for the growth of various crops.

Due to the barrier effects of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Qinling-Daba Mountains, and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, the Luzhou region has a warm climate. The annual average temperature is around 18.0°C. The coldest month (January) averages around 7°C, and the hottest month (July) averages around 27°C. The extreme maximum temperature can reach 40°C, while the extreme minimum temperature is around -1°C. The Luzhou region receives abundant rainfall, with annual precipitation around 1,000 mm, concentrated mainly from May to September, accounting for over 75% of the total annual precipitation. Luzhou City has a long frost-free period of over 300 days, with very little snowfall; in some years, there is no frost or snow throughout the year, making it highly suitable for crop development and growth.

Luzhou's Zhangba Longan Forest is the northernmost, largest, and oldest longan forest in China by latitude. Hejiang lychees are distributed at the highest latitude globally, have the latest ripening period, and are of excellent quality. The region possesses the best-preserved subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest belt at the same latitude on Earth—the Hejiang Fubao and Gulin Huangjing primitive forest areas.

Meteorological Data for Luzhou City (1971–2010)

| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | |--------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------| | Record high °C (°F)| 17.2 (63.0) | 23.2 (73.8) | 32.5 (90.5) | 35.1 (95.2) | 37.5 (99.5) | 37.6 (99.7) | 38.1 (100.6) | 39.7 (103.5) | 39.8 (103.6) | 31.5 (88.7) | 26.9 (80.4) | 18.8 (65.8) | 39.8 (103.6) | | Average high °C (°F) | 10.1 (50.2) | 12.2 (54.0) | 17.1 (62.8) | 22.8 (73.0) | 26.4 (79.5) | 28.4 (83.1) | 31.4 (88.5) | 32.0 (89.6) | 26.4 (79.5) | 21.1 (70.0) | 16.5 (61.7) | 11.5 (52.7) | 21.3 (70.4) | | Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.6 (45.7) | 9.4 (48.9) | 13.5 (56.3) | 18.4 (65.1) | 21.9 (71.4) | 24.3 (75.7) | 26.8 (80.2) | 27.0 (80.6) | 22.6 (72.7) | 18.0 (64.4) | 13.7 (56.7) | 9.1 (48.4) | 17.7 (63.9) | | Average low °C (°F) | 6.0 (42.8) | 7.5 (45.5) | 10.9 (51.6) | 15.3 (59.5) | 18.9 (66.0) | 21.3 (70.3) | 23.5 (74.3) | 23.6 (74.5) | 20.1 (68.2) | 16.0 (60.8) | 11.8 (53.2) | 7.6 (45.7) | 15.2 (59.4) | | Record low °C (°F)| -1.1 (30.0) | -0.7 (30.7) | 1.8 (35.2) | 5.8 (42.4) | 10.5 (50.9) | 15.3 (59.5) | 17.6 (63.7) | 17.6 (63.7) | 14.1 (57.4) | 6.3 (43.3) | 2.6 (36.7) | -1.9 (28.6) | -1.9 (28.6) | | Average precipitation mm (inches)| 26.2 (1.03) | 29.6 (1.17) | 36.9 (1.45) | 77.0 (3.03) | 142.5 (5.61) | 159.6 (6.28) | 169.7 (6.68) | 170.8 (6.72) | 130.2 (5.13) | 78.5 (3.09) | 45.8 (1.80) | 26.9 (1.06) | 1,093.7 (43.05) | | Average precipitation days (≥0.1 mm) | 12.8 | 12.3 | 13.3 | 15.1 | 16.9 | 17.5 | 14.5 | 12.1 | 15.5 | 16.9 | 13.3 | 12.2 | 172.4 | | Average relative humidity (%) | 82 | 79 | 76 | 75 | 74 | 79 | 81 | 80 | 82 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 80 |

3.6 Natural Resources

As of 2017, Luzhou City has proven reserves of 6.9 billion tons of coal, 65 billion cubic meters of natural gas, 3.217 billion tons of pyrite, and 201,000 tons of calcite. Marble reserves amount to hundreds of millions of cubic meters. Additionally, there are over 20 other types of resources, including copper, gold, petroleum, uranium, gallium, germanium, bauxite, refractory clay, flux dolomite, salt, limestone, kaolin, glass sand, ceramic clay, and gypsum.

As of 2017, Luzhou City has a theoretical hydropower resource potential of 6.28 million kilowatts, with a developable capacity of 2.52 million kilowatts. The Guxu mining area holds coal and anthracite resources totaling 6.9 billion tons and coalbed methane exceeding 100 billion cubic meters. In recent years, the annual natural gas production has reached 7.3 billion cubic meters.

The Rare Fish Reserve in the Upper Yangtze River is a national-level wetland nature reserve. Established in 1997 through the merger of the former Luzhou Yangtze Rare and Endemic Fish Nature Reserve and the Yibin Rare Fish Nature Reserve, it was initially named the Hejiang-Leibo Section of the Yangtze River Provincial Nature Reserve. It was upgraded to a national-level reserve in 2000 and renamed to its current title in 2005. The reserve protects rare and endemic fish species such as the Chinese paddlefish, Dabry's sturgeon, and Chinese sucker, along with their spawning grounds. Luzhou has a forest area of 9.25 million mu, with a total timber stock of 30.35 million cubic meters and a forest coverage rate of 50.4%. It is recognized as a National Forest City and serves as a crucial ecological barrier in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The city boasts six national-level forest tourism brands: Huangjing Old Forest National Forest Park, Fubao National Forest Park, Fenghuang Lake National Wetland Park, China Forest Wellness Base (Dawang Bamboo Sea), China Forest Experience Base (Xixi, Xuyong), and National Forest Health Base (Fubao, Hejiang).

4. Administrative Divisions

Luzhou City administers 3 municipal districts and 4 counties.

• Municipal Districts: Jiangyang District, Naxi District, Longmatan District
• Counties: Lu County, Hejiang County, Xuyong County, Gulin County

| Division Code | Division Name | Chinese Pinyin | Area (km²) | Resident Population (2020 Census) | Government Seat | Postal Code | Subdistricts | Towns | Townships | Of which: Ethnic Townships | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | 510500 | Luzhou City | Lúzhōu Shì | 12,228.64 | 4,254,149 | Jiangyang District | 646000 | 26 | 92 | 8 | 8 | | 510502 | Jiangyang District | Jiāngyáng Qū | 649.25 | 761,576 | Dashanping Subdistrict | 646000 | 9 | 6 | | | | 510503 | Naxi District | Nàxī Qū | 1,150.20 | 354,846 | Anfu Subdistrict | 646300 | 3 | 10 | | | | 510504 | Longmatan District | Lóngmǎtán Qū | 333.13 | 479,697 | Lianhuachi Subdistrict | 646000 | 8 | 3 | | | | 510521 | Lu County | Lú Xiàn | 1,525.24 | 764,362 | Yuchuang Subdistrict | 646100 | 1 | 19 | | | | 510522 | Hejiang County | Héjiāng Xiàn | 2,413.91 | 688,731 | Fuyang Subdistrict | 646200 | 2 | 19 | | | | 510524 | Xuyong County | Xùyǒng Xiàn | 2,973.19 | 552,979 | Xuyong Town | 646400 | | 18 | 5 | 5 | | 510525 | Gulin County | Gǔlìn Xiàn | 3,183.72 | 651,958 | Pengde Subdistrict | 646500 | 3 | 17 | 3 | 3 |

5. Economy

5.1 Economic Data

In 2017, the city achieved a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 159.621 billion yuan, representing a year-on-year growth of 9.1% calculated at comparable prices, with the growth rate ranking first in Sichuan Province. The total import and export trade volume reached 13.93 billion yuan (equivalent to 2.06 billion US dollars), a year-on-year increase of 5.8 times, ranking first in growth rate and second in total volume in the province. The container throughput of Luzhou Port reached 550,000 TEUs. The tax revenue of the Southern Sichuan Port Area of the China (Sichuan) Pilot Free Trade Zone amounted to 1.09 billion yuan. The city completed fixed asset investments totaling 204.21 billion yuan, an increase of 18.0% compared to the previous year, which was 7.8 percentage points higher than the provincial average growth rate. The growth rate has consistently ranked first in the province for three consecutive years. The city's general public budget revenue accumulated to 14.60 billion yuan, ranking second in the province, with an increase of 11.3% compared to the previous year. Among this, tax revenue was 8.09 billion yuan, an increase of 22.2% year-on-year. The city's general public budget expenditure was 36.87 billion yuan, an increase of 9.5% compared to the previous year.

5.2 Industries and Enterprises

Luzhou is a nationally renowned "Liquor City" with a well-developed brewing industry, home to well-known companies such as Luzhou Laojiao Co., Ltd. and Gulin Langjiu Group.

Luzhou is an important national hub for circular economy chemical industry. Luzhou Tianhua Company is currently one of China's largest urea production plants and oleochemical bases. Additionally, North Chemical, a subsidiary of Norinco, also has a branch plant in Gaoba, Longmatan District.

Luzhou is a significant national base for equipment manufacturing and serves as a national center for the production of large and medium-sized fully hydraulic truck cranes and excavators. It has formed the Sichuan Changjiang Engineering Machinery Group Corporation, with key enterprises including Sichuan Changjiang Engineering Crane Co., Ltd. (formerly Changjiang Crane Factory), Sichuan Bangli Heavy Machinery Co., Ltd. (formerly Changjiang Excavator Factory), and Sichuan Changjiang Hydraulic Components Co., Ltd. (formerly Changjiang Hydraulic Components Factory).

Luzhou is an important comprehensive agricultural development zone in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and in Sichuan Province. It is a significant national and provincial production base for commodity grains, pigs, cattle, sheep, bamboo and timber forests, fruits, and flue-cured tobacco.

6. Economy

6.1 Economic Data

In 2017, the city's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) reached 159.621 billion yuan, an increase of 9.1% over the previous year calculated at comparable prices, with the growth rate ranking first in Sichuan Province. The city's total import and export trade volume was 13.93 billion yuan (equivalent to 2.06 billion USD), a year-on-year increase of 5.8 times, with the growth rate ranking first in the province and the total volume ranking second. The container throughput of Luzhou Port reached 550,000 TEUs. The tax revenue of the Southern Sichuan Port Area of the China (Sichuan) Pilot Free Trade Zone was 1.09 billion yuan. The city completed fixed asset investment of 204.21 billion yuan, an increase of 18.0% over the previous year, which was 7.8 percentage points higher than the provincial average growth rate. The growth rate has remained the highest in the province for three consecutive years. The city's local fiscal general public budget revenue cumulatively reached 14.60 billion yuan, ranking second in the province, an increase of 11.3% over the previous year. Of this, tax revenue was 8.09 billion yuan, an increase of 22.2% over the previous year. The city's fiscal general public budget expenditure was 36.87 billion yuan, an increase of 9.5% over the previous year.

6.2 Industries and Enterprises

Luzhou is a nationally renowned "Liquor City" with a well-developed brewing industry, home to famous companies such as Luzhou Laojiao Co., Ltd. and Gulin Langjiu Group. Luzhou is a nationally important circular chemical industry base. Luzhou Tianhua Company is currently one of China's largest urea production plants and oleochemical industry bases. Additionally, North Chemical, a subsidiary of Norinco, also has a branch plant in Gaoba, Longmatan District. Luzhou is a nationally important equipment manufacturing base and a national center for the manufacturing of large and medium-sized fully hydraulic truck cranes and excavators. It has now formed the Sichuan Changjiang Engineering Machinery Group Corporation, with core members including Sichuan Changjiang Engineering Crane Co., Ltd. (formerly Changjiang Crane Factory), Sichuan Bangli Heavy Machinery Co., Ltd. (formerly Changjiang Excavator Factory), and Sichuan Changjiang Hydraulic Components Co., Ltd. (formerly Changjiang Hydraulic Components Factory). Luzhou is an important comprehensive agricultural development zone in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and in Sichuan Province. It is a significant national and provincial production base for commercial grain, pigs, cattle, sheep, forest bamboo, fruits, and flue-cured tobacco.

7. Education

Southwest Medical University is a regular higher education institution in Sichuan Province, located in Luzhou City at the junction of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Chongqing. The university was founded in 1951, with its predecessor being the Southwest Sichuan South Medical School. It was upgraded to Luzhou Medical College in 1959, further upgraded and renamed Luzhou Medical College in 1978, and became a master's degree-granting institution in 1993. Since 2001, it has successively initiated joint doctoral training programs and doctoral programs in traditional Chinese medicine mentorship. In 2003, it obtained the qualification to enroll international students for degree education, subsequently launching undergraduate degree programs and postgraduate training for international students. In 2010, it was approved to establish a national postdoctoral research workstation.

Sichuan Police College, abbreviated as Sichuan Police College, is a full-time undergraduate public provincial regular higher education institution in the People's Republic of China, located in Jiangyang District, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province.

8. Population

In 2022, within the annual household registration statistics period, the city recorded 1.5923 million registered households, with a total registered population of 5.0382 million. This included 3.0263 million rural residents and 2.0119 million urban residents, resulting in a registered population urbanization rate of 39.9%. The registered population in the city's districts was 1.5220 million, comprising 1.1697 million urban residents and 352,300 rural residents. The number of people moving into the city was 19,400, while 28,900 people moved out.

According to the 2020 Seventh National Population Census, the city's permanent resident population was 4,254,149. Compared with the 4,218,427 people recorded in the Sixth National Population Census, this represents an increase of 35,722 people over ten years, a growth of 0.85%, with an average annual growth rate of 0.08%. Among them, the male population was 2,144,993, accounting for 50.42% of the total population; the female population was 2,109,156, accounting for 49.58%. The overall sex ratio (with females as 100) was 101.7. The population aged 0–14 was 775,590, accounting for 18.23% of the total; the population aged 15–59 was 2,500,341, accounting for 58.77%; the population aged 60 and above was 978,218, accounting for 22.99%, of which those aged 65 and above numbered 750,754, accounting for 17.65%. The urban resident population was 2,137,464, accounting for 50.24% of the total; the rural resident population was 2,116,685, accounting for 49.76%.

8.1 Ethnic Groups

Among the city's permanent resident population, the Han ethnic group numbered 4,163,542, accounting for 97.87%; ethnic minorities numbered 90,607, accounting for 2.13%. Compared with the 2010 Sixth National Population Census, the Han population increased by 17,653, a growth of 0.43%, but its share of the total population decreased by 0.41 percentage points. The ethnic minority population increased by 18,069, a growth of 24.91%, and its share of the total population increased by 0.41 percentage points.

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9. Culture

Luzhou, historically known as "Jiangyang" and nicknamed the "Liquor City," is located in the southeastern part of Sichuan Province, China, at the confluence of the Yangtze River and the Tuo River. It serves as Sichuan's maritime gateway to the south and a crucial port on the upper reaches of the Yangtze. With a history spanning over two thousand years since its establishment as a commandery in the Western Han Dynasty, Luzhou historically became a natural distribution center for goods at the junction of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Chongqing, as well as the economic and cultural hub of southern Sichuan, thanks to its advantageous river transport. During the Song and Ming dynasties, Luzhou grew into a nationally significant commercial city, one of the 33 major commercial hubs in the country, standing alongside Chengdu and Chongqing. Luzhou enjoys the reputation of "Liquor City" for producing Luzhou Laojiao liquor and Gulin Langjiu liquor. It is the only region in China with two nationally renowned liquors and is one of the country's primary production bases for baijiu (white spirit). According to the Master Plan for Tourism Development in Sichuan Province compiled by the World Tourism Organization, Luzhou is situated within the world-class tourist area encompassing Zigong and the Bamboo Sea. In January 1994, Luzhou was officially designated by the State Council as a National Famous Historical and Cultural City.

Daily communication primarily uses the Sichuan dialect and Mandarin. Within Luzhou's urban area, a dialect with a strong local accent, known as the Luzhou dialect, is commonly spoken. Compared to other Sichuan dialects, notable pronunciation differences include words like "he/she/it" (læ), "this" (zhi), and "that" (næ). The dialects in areas like Gulin and Xuyong resemble the Guizhou accent. In the urban area of Qiancaoba, the main site of the former Changjiang San Factory, a large number of industrial technicians migrated from industrial regions like Beijing, Tianjin, and Liaoning during the 1950s and 1960s to build the Changjiang San Factory. Consequently, some residents use Northeastern Mandarin or Beijing dialect in their daily speech.

9.1 National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units

• Longnao Bridge
• Luzhou Daqu Laojiao Cellars
• Song Dynasty Tombs in Luxian County (Puqiao Tomb Complex, Changlinggeng Song Tomb Complex)
• Chunqiu Temple
• Former Residence of Zhu De in Kuangchang
• Shenbi City Site
• Hejiang Cliff Tombs
• Luopanzui Tomb Complex
• Bao'en Pagoda in Luzhou
• Dragon Bridge Group in Luxian County
• Ancient Architectural Complex in Yaoba Town
• Qu's Manor in Luxian County
• Yuchan Mountain Cliff Carvings
• Qingliang Cave Cliff Carvings
• Ancient Tea Horse Road (Guangming Ancient Road, Baolian Street Post Road, Shawan Post Road, Fengming Post Road, Bailu Post Road, Xiantan Ancient Post Road, Dashi Sichuan-Guizhou Post Road, Houziling Sichuan-Guizhou Post Road, Guandou Village Sichuan-Guizhou Post Road, Chishui River Tea Horse Post Road, Erlang Post Road)
• Site of the Red Army's Four Crossings of the Chishui River Battle in Gulin County

9.2 National-Level Intangible Cultural Heritage

The Fenghui oil-paper umbrella from Luzhou, Sichuan, originated in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties and has a history of over four hundred years. Locally produced oil-paper umbrellas are known for their exquisite craftsmanship, intricate patterns, bright colors, and beautiful designs. They are not only small and delicate but also highly wind-resistant, combining aesthetics with practicality. In 2008, the craftsmanship of the Sichuan Fenghui oil-paper umbrella was included in the second batch of China's National Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Sichuan Hotpot

Sichuan hotpot, famous for its numbing, spicy, fresh, and fragrant flavors, is a representative cuisine of Sichuan. One of its places of origin is Xiaomitan in Luzhou (near Gaoba in Luohan Subdistrict, Longmatan District today).

Gulin Spicy Chicken

Gulin Spicy Chicken is a specialty snack from Gulin County, Luzhou City. It is a marinated dish known for its fresh, fragrant, numbing, and spicy taste. It was featured on CCTV's documentary "A Bite of China 2" in May 2014.

Hejiang Grilled Fish

Luzhou grilled fish, also known as Hejiang grilled fish, originates from Hejiang County, which is under the administration of Luzhou City. Located in the triangular area where the Chishui River meets the Yangtze River, the region is rich in water resources and abundant in freshwater fish. Luzhou, a riverside city at the confluence of the Yangtze and Tuo rivers, naturally excels in preparing river delicacies. As night falls and the night markets come alive with clinking dishes, Sichuan-style barbecue is a staple on every table, with Hejiang grilled fish being a particularly distinctive item.

Liquors: Luzhou Laojiao, Langjiu

Agricultural Products: Hejiang lychee, Luzhou longan, Zhenlong pomelo, Naxi extra-early tea, Yinzhen rice

Snacks: Lianghe peach slices, Luzhou white cake, Luzhou yellow rice cake, Zhuer cake (piglet cake), Luzhou cold rice cake, Yinjiapo fermented glutinous rice, Naxi bubble candy, Luzhou liquor-filled candy

Other Specialties: Luzhou baby nutrition powder, Xianshi soy sauce, Huguo mature vinegar

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Jiangyang District

Luxian County

Han Chinese account for 97.87% of the population; ethnic minorities account for 2.13%.

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