Hefei (合肥)

1. Introduction

Hefei City, abbreviated as He or Fei, sometimes also referred to as Lu, and historically known as Luzhou, is the capital and largest city of Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, with the administrative division level of a prefecture-level city. It serves as the political, economic, cultural, educational, informational, transportation, financial, and commercial center of Anhui Province. Hefei is a comprehensive national science center in China, a sub-center of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, a key national hub for scientific research and education, modern manufacturing, and integrated transportation. It is a dual-node city under the "Belt and Road" Initiative and the Yangtze River Economic Belt strategy, a central city of the G60 Science and Technology Innovation Corridor, the core city of the Hefei Metropolitan Circle and the Wanjiang City Belt, a member city of the World Technopolis Association, China's most reading-friendly city, a central hub for China's integrated circuit industry, a national pilot city for technological innovation, and one of China's four major science and education bases. In September 2018, Hefei was designated as the "Cross-Strait Integrated Circuit Industry Cooperation Pilot Zone." In 2018, it ranked 17th in the comprehensive ranking of Chinese mainland cities. In 2020, Hefei was included in the list of "New First-Tier Cities" for the first time. On September 2 of the same year, it was recognized as a national model city for public transportation development. The municipal government is located at No. 100 Dongliu Road, Shushan District.

Hefei is situated between the Yangtze River and the Huai River, embracing Chaohu Lake, and lies at the center of Anhui Province. It borders Chuzhou City and Ma'anshan City to the east, Wuhu City, Tongling City, and Anqing City to the south, Lu'an City to the west, and Huainan City to the north. The city covers a total area of 11,445 square kilometers (including 750 square kilometers of Chaohu Lake's water surface). The permanent resident population of the city is approximately 9.64 million. Hefei has a long history, with its establishment dating back over 2,000 years to the Qin and Han dynasties. It has historically been an important administrative, economic, and military hub in the Jianghuai region, renowned as the "Throat of Huaibei and Lips of Jiangnan" and the "Key Junction of Jianghuai and Strategic Passage for Wu and Chu."

2. Origin of the Name

The name "Hefei" is first known to appear in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian: Biographies of Traders and Industrialists, which states, "Hefei receives tides from both the north and the south, and is a hub for leather, abalone, and timber." According to local records of Hefei, "Hefei County was established during the Qin Dynasty when the feudal system was replaced by the commandery-county system, and it belonged to Jiujiang Commandery." However, the original name of the county during the Qin Dynasty is no longer known. In 122 BCE (the first year of the Yuanshou era of Emperor Wu of Han), the Kingdom of Huainan was changed to Jiujiang Commandery, which governed counties including Hefei, marking the beginning of Hefei's administrative establishment. The name "Hefei" derives from its unique geographical location, and there are two explanations for its origin. The first is from Li Daoyuan's Commentary on the Water Classic from the Northern Wei Dynasty: "When the summer floods surge, the Shi River (now the South Fei River) merges with the Fei River (now the East Fei River), hence the name Hefei." Another explanation, proposed during the Tang Dynasty, suggests that the Fei River originates from the Jiming Mountain, flows north for twenty li, and then splits into two branches. One branch flows southeast (the South Fei River), passing through this area into the Chao Lake, while the other flows northwest (the East Fei River), traveling two hundred li before reaching Shouchun and entering the Huai River. The Erya notes that "rivers that diverge from the same source are called 'Fei'." Therefore, "both rivers are called Fei, as they originate from the same source, split into two, and hence the name Hefei."

3. History

Archaeologists have discovered evidence of human activity in Hefei dating back to the Paleolithic period, with significant sites including the Miaodongying Southeast Site in Shushan District and the Yinshan Homo sapiens Site in Chaohu City.

During the war in which Shang Tang overthrew the Xia Dynasty, ancient texts such as the Book of Documents and the Bamboo Annals record that Jie, the last ruler of Xia, fled to Nanchao. The Sanguanmiao Site, located southwest of present-day Hefei's urban area, is considered a possible location for Nanchao.

In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Zhou king divided the State of Chao into the States of Lu and Chao. The capital of Lu was at Luyi, situated northwest of modern-day Hefei's urban area. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, the area successively belonged to the states of Chu, Wu, and Yue, before returning to Chu.

The name "Hefei" first appeared in the Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), in the "Biographies of the Money Makers" chapter by the great writer and historian Sima Qian: "Hefei receives goods from the north and south tides, and is a convergence point for leather, abalone, and timber." Around the transition between the Qin and Han dynasties, Hefei was formally established as "Hefei County," under Jiujiang Commandery.

In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, during the period of warlordism, Hefei experienced repeated warfare and eventually came under the control of Cao Cao. He established the Inspectorate of Yangzhou here to govern the northern Jiangbei region of Yangzhou under his actual control. Cao Cao, Sun Quan, and later the states of Wei and Wu fought multiple battles at Hefei, historically known as the "Battle of Hefei." During the Western Jin, it belonged to Huainan Commandery. In the Eastern Jin, refugees from Ruyin (modern-day Fuyang City) were settled here, leading to its renaming as Ruyin County. The Liu Song dynasty established the Southern Ruyin Commandery, administering Ruyin County. The Southern Qi changed the Southern Ruyin Commandery to Ruyin Commandery. The Liang dynasty established the Southern Yu Province, with its seat at Ruyin, subsequently renaming it He Province.

In the early Sui dynasty, it was reverted to Hefei County, and He Province was changed to Lu Prefecture. The administrative structure remained largely unchanged during the Tang dynasty.

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Hefei was primarily under the control of Yang Wu and later Southern Tang. These states successively established the Desheng Military Commissioner and Baoxin Military Commissioner here. In the Northern Song, the Lu Prefecture structure remained, with the newly established Huainan West Circuit administering various areas in western Huai, including Shouchun and Hefei. The Huainan West Circuit Transport Commission, the Superintendency of Ever-Normal and Vastly Beneficent Granaries, and the Military Command were established in Hefei. During the Southern Song, Hefei was a frontline in the resistance against the Jin, hosting the Huainan West Circuit Pacification Commission and Transport Commission.

The Yuan dynasty established Lu Prefecture Route here, governing three counties—Hefei, Liang (within modern Feidong County), and Shucheng—and three subprefectures: He, Wuwei, and Liu'an. It also set up the Huainan West Circuit Pacification Commission and the Huainan West Jiangbei Circuit Judicial and Surveillance Commission (later renamed the Huainan West Jiangbei Circuit Surveillance Commission) to oversee the various routes of western Huai. In the late Yuan, after Zhu Yuanzhang captured Hefei, he briefly established the Jianghuai Branch Secretariat here. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, it served as the seat of Lu Prefecture.

Anhui Province was established in 1667. From 1853 to 1862 (during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom period), Hefei served as the temporary provincial capital of Anhui. In 1912, with the establishment of the Republic of China, Lu Prefecture was abolished, but Hefei County was retained. In the spring of 1938, after the fall of the original legal provincial capital, Huaining County (modern Anqing), the temporary capital was moved to Lihuang County (modern Jinzhai). In September 1945 (the 34th year of the Republic), following the victory in the War of Resistance against Japan, the provincial capital was moved from Jinzhai to Hefei. In January 1949, after the Huaihai Campaign, the Chinese Communist Party occupied Hefei County. Feidong and Feixi counties were newly established from Hefei County, and the Northern Anhui Administrative Office was set up in Hefei. In 1952, the Northern Anhui and Southern Anhui Administrative Offices merged to establish Anhui Province, officially designating Hefei as the provincial capital. In 1964, Changfeng County was established from the eastern part of Shou County, the western part of Dingyuan, and the northwestern part of Feidong and northeastern part of Feixi, and placed under the jurisdiction of Hefei City. In 1983, Feidong and Feixi counties were returned to Hefei from Chaohu and Lu'an Special Districts respectively. At that time, Hefei City administered four districts—East City, West City, Central City, and Suburban—and three counties: Changfeng, Feidong, and Feixi. In 2002, the East City, Central City, West City, and Suburban districts were adjusted to become Yaohai, Luyang, Shushan, and Baohe districts respectively. On August 22, 2011, Anhui Province announced the abolition of the prefecture-level Chaohu City and adjusted the administrative divisions of its former one district and four counties, redistributing them to the cities of Hefei, Wuhu, and Ma'anshan. Among these, the county-level Chaohu City, established on the basis of the former prefecture-level Chaohu City's Juchao District, is directly administered by Anhui Province but managed by Hefei City on its behalf. Lujiang County, formerly under the prefecture-level Chaohu City, was placed under Hefei City's jurisdiction. After the adjustment, Hefei City administers 4 districts, 1 county-level city, and 4 counties.

4. Geography

4.1 Topography

Hefei boasts an advantageous geographical location, situated in the mid-latitude zone between the Yangtze River and the Huai River, characterized primarily by plains and hills.

In 1992, Hefei, along with Beijing and Zhuhai, was among the first cities to be designated as a National Garden City. The urban area of Hefei has a population of 3.55 million, featuring a rational layout and broad roads. Green belts along the Nanfei River and the Moat encircle the city center. In 2003, China's national junior high school geography textbook used Hefei's urban layout as a model for future cities. The high school textbook published by the People's Education Press also introduced Hefei's green space system under the title "Hefei Ring City Park."

4.2 Climate

Hefei has a north subtropical monsoon climate with four distinct seasons. Winters and summers are long, while spring and autumn are relatively short. Winters are cold and dry, summers are muggy, and spring and autumn are humid and warm. The average temperature in January is 3.1°C, and in July it is 28.5°C. The annual average temperature is 16.4°C. The extreme minimum temperature was -20.6°C (January 6, 1955). The extreme maximum temperature was 41.1°C (July 27, 2017). The average annual precipitation is about 1002 mm. From 1952 to 2017, there were 10 days with a daily maximum temperature ≥40°C. | Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | |------------------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|--------|--------|--------|-------|-------|----------| | Record high °C | 20.2 | 27.5 | 30.4 | 34.7 | 36.4 | 37.8 | 41.1 | 41 | 38.6 | 39.9 | 30.1 | 22.5 | 41.1 | | Record high °F | 68.4 | 81.5 | 86.7 | 94.5 | 97.5 | 100 | 106 | 105.8 | 101.5 | 103.8 | 86.2 | 72.5 | 106 | | Average high °C | 6.9 | 9.4 | 14.4 | 21.1 | 26.6 | 29.3 | 32.2 | 31.8 | 27.8 | 22.5 | 16 | 9.7 | 20.6 | | Average high °F | 44.4 | 48.9 | 57.9 | 70 | 79.9 | 84.7 | 90 | 89.2 | 82 | 72.5 | 60.8 | 49.5 | 69.1 | | Daily mean °C | 2.8 | 5.2 | 9.8 | 16.3 | 21.8 | 25.3 | 28.3 | 27.6 | 23.3 | 17.7 | 11 | 5.2 | 16.2 | | Daily mean °F | 37 | 41.4 | 49.6 | 61.3 | 71.2 | 77.5 | 82.9 | 81.7 | 73.9 | 63.9 | 51.8 | 41.4 | 61.1 | | Average low °C | −0.3 | 1.9 | 6.1 | 12.2 | 17.6 | 21.7 | 25.2 | 24.3 | 19.8 | 13.8 | 7.1 | 1.6 | 12.6 | | Average low °F | 31.5 | 35.4 | 43 | 54 | 63.7 | 71.1 | 77.4 | 75.7 | 67.6 | 56.8 | 44.8 | 34.9 | 54.7 | | Record low °C | −20.6 | −14.1 | −7.3 | −0.4 | 6.2 | 12.2 | 17.9 | 15.8 | 10.8 | 1.5 | −5.1 | −13.5 | −20.6 | | Record low °F | (−5.1) | 6.6 | 18.9 | 31.3 | 43.2 | 54 | 64.2 | 60.4 | 51.4 | 34.7 | 22.8 | 7.7 | (−5.1) | | Average precipitation mm | 42.4 | 52.3 | 76.6 | 81.4 | 91.1 | 142.9 | 173.3 | 126 | 67.2 | 57.4 | 59.4 | 30.8 | 1,000.80 | | Average precipitation inches | 1.67 | 2.06 | 3.02 | 3.2 | 3.59 | 5.63 | 6.82 | 4.96 | 2.65 | 2.26 | 2.34 | 1.21 | 39.41 | | Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 8.2 | 8.9 | 11.6 | 10.3 | 10.2 | 10.6 | 12.1 | 11 | 7.8 | 8.5 | 7.6 | 6 | 112.8 | | Average relative humidity (%) | 75 | 74 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 76 | 80 | 81 | 77 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 75 | | Mean monthly sunshine hours | 118.7 | 113.5 | 138.6 | 168 | 190.9 | 165.5 | 189.2 | 190.9 | 153.8 | 154.4 | 148.7 | 135.8 | 1,868 | | Possible sunshine percentage | 38 | 37 | 35 | 42 | 44 | 41 | 46 | 50 | 43 | 46 | 48 | 46 | 43 |### 4.3 Hydrology Hefei has a relatively well-developed surface water system, demarcated by the Jianghuai Watershed. North of the watershed lies the Huai River system, while south of it is the Yangtze River system. The main rivers in the Huai River system include the Dongfei River, Pei River, and Chi River. The Yangtze River system primarily consists of the Nanfei River, Pai River, Fengle River, Hangbu River, Chu River, Yuxi River, Zhao River, Zhegao River, Baishitian River, and Xi River. Within its territory, Chaohu Lake is one of China's five major freshwater lakes. It stretches 54.5 kilometers from east to west and 21 kilometers from north to south, with a water area of 770 square kilometers, famously known as the "Eight-Hundred-Li Chaohu Lake." The lakebed elevation is 5 meters, and the water storage capacity varies with the water level. When the water level reaches an elevation of 14 meters, the lake's water storage capacity is 6.37 billion cubic meters.

5. Administrative Divisions

Hefei City currently administers 4 municipal districts, 4 counties, and oversees 1 county-level city on behalf of the province.

• Municipal Districts: Yaohai District, Luyang District, Shushan District, Baohe District
• Counties: Changfeng County, Feidong County, Feixi County, Lujiang County
• County-level City: Chaohu City

Furthermore, Hefei City has established the following economic management zones, granting them county-level administrative authority: National Hefei High-Tech Industry Development Zone, National Hefei Economic and Technological Development Zone, and Hefei Xinzhan High-Tech Industry Development Zone.

The total area of the city's administrative jurisdiction is 11,445 square kilometers, of which the water surface area of Chaohu Lake accounts for 750 square kilometers. The built-up area of the urban districts is 460 square kilometers (2017). In the draft of the 13th Five-Year Plan, Hefei proposed to accelerate the construction of a sub-center city within the Yangtze River Delta world-class urban agglomeration, to enhance and build upon the vision of a "Great Lake City, Innovation Highlands," to implement a breakthrough project for county-level economies, and to strive for all five counties (cities) to rank among the top 100 counties nationwide.

| Division Code | Division Name | Chinese Pinyin | Area (km²) | Resident Population (2020 Census) | Government Seat | Postal Code | Subdistricts | Towns | Townships | of which: Ethnic Townships | |-------------------|-------------------|-------------------------|----------------|---------------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------|------------------|-----------|---------------|-------------------------------| | 340100 | Hefei City | Héféi Shì | 11,445.06 | 9,369,881 | Shushan District | 230000 | 46 | 65 | 16 | 1 | | 340102 | Yaohai District | Yáohǎi Qū | 221.18 | 1,328,507 | Mingguanglu Subdistrict | 230000 | 14 | 1 | | | | 340103 | Luyang District | Lúyáng Qū | 137.57 | 697,293 | Bozhoulu Subdistrict | 230000 | 9 | 1 | 1 | | | 340104 | Shushan District | Shǔshān Qū | 653.33 | 1,874,930 | Sanli'an Subdistrict | 230000 | 9 | 3 | | | | 340111 | Baohe District | Bāohé Qū | 300.38 | 1,217,469 | Wanghu Subdistrict | 230000 | 8 | 2 | | | | 340121 | Changfeng County | Chángfēng Xiàn | 1,841.39 | 783,982 | Shuihu Town | 231100 | | 10 | 4 | | | 340122 | Feidong County | Féidōng Xiàn | 2,205.92 | 884,792 | Dianbu Town | 231600 | | 12 | 6 | 1 | | 340123 | Feixi County | Féixī Xiàn | 1,695.41 | 967,508 | Shangpai Town | 231200 | | 8 | 4 | | | 340124 | Lujiang County | Lújiāng Xiàn | 2,343.74 | 888,238 | Lucheng Town | 231500 | | 17 | | | | 340181 | Chaohu City | Cháohú Shì | 2,046.14 | 727,162 | Fenghuangshan Subdistrict | 238000 | 6 | 11 | 1 | |

6. Economy

During the Qin and Han dynasties, Hefei served as a transit hub for north-south trade. The Records of the Grand Historian: Biographies of Wealthy Merchants mentions, "Hefei receives the tides from both north and south, and is a convergence point for leather, abalone, and timber."

In the Tang and Song dynasties, Hefei's economy reached a historical peak, becoming the center of the Huaixi region and an important city in the Jianghuai and Jiangnan areas. In the tenth year of the Xining era of the Song dynasty, the commercial tax revenue within the city of Luzhou reached 50,315 guan and 887 wen, ranking twelfth among the prefectures under the Northern Song, after Kaifeng Prefecture, Hangzhou, Qinzhou, Chuzhou, Chengdu Prefecture, Xiangyang Prefecture, Tongchuan Prefecture, Xingyuan Prefecture, Mianzhou, Zhenzhou, and Pingjiang Prefecture. Zhu Fu of the Northern Song depicted Hefei's economic prosperity in Passing Through Luzhou: "Where Wu and Wei once clashed in battle, today a peaceful prefectural seat opens; fertile fields seem to encompass all of Huaidian, while sturdy walls still embrace the Shu mountains. Willow ponds and spring waters hide boat docks, and orchid-like autumn winds sweep over the Crossbow Training Platform."

During the Song-Jin and Song-Yuan wars, Hefei's economy began to decline due to its frontline position. In the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the population decreased, and by the fourteenth year of the Zhiyuan era, Ang Ji'er, the Pacification Commissioner of the Huaixi Circuit, reported that there was much wasteland in the Luzhou area suitable for reclamation.

Historically, Hefei suffered multiple devastations due to its geographical location, and its economic foundation was relatively weak in the early years of the nation's founding. After over 60 years of construction and development, Hefei's economy has now taken initial shape, with a relatively complete range of industries. It has preliminarily formed eight major industries: automobiles, equipment manufacturing, household appliances, chemicals and rubber tires, new materials, electronics and software, biotechnology and new pharmaceuticals, and food and agricultural product processing. In 2019, Hefei's GDP reached 940.94 billion yuan, with a per capita GDP of 115,623 yuan, equivalent to $16,761 based on the annual average exchange rate.

Hefei is rich in scientific, educational, and talent resources and enjoys favorable geographical and transportation advantages, making it well-suited for developing processing and manufacturing as well as high-tech industries. In its economic development, Hefei emphasizes advancing both advanced manufacturing and modern services to enhance the overall economic level. Currently, Hefei's nationally renowned enterprises and products include Jianghuai Automobile, Heli Forklift, Meiling Appliances, and Rongshida Appliances, which represent national brands in automobiles, household appliances, and equipment manufacturing. Hefei places great importance on investment attraction and has introduced a number of well-known domestic and international enterprises to establish large-scale production bases, including Hitachi Construction Machinery, ABB Transformers, Gree Appliances, Haier Appliances, Changhong Appliances, Midea Appliances, Giti Tires, Unilever, Continental Tires, BOE, Rong'an Power, Jiemin Electronics, Ma Steel Thin Plate, and Zhongyan Hongsifang. These enterprises are steadily expanding and becoming new representatives of Hefei's industrial development. In modern services, Hefei has attracted institutions such as Bank of East Asia, HSBC, Huaxia Bank, Nanyang Commercial Bank, Mizuho Bank, Wanda Plaza, Yintai Center, Dayuan Department Store, Langham Hotel, Grand Hyatt, InterContinental Hotel, Westin Hotel, Shangri-La Hotel, Crowne Plaza, Howard Johnson, Hilton, Sheraton, Days Inn, Carrefour, Walmart, Tesco, RT-Mart, and Metro. As of October 2009, 25 Fortune Global 500 foreign enterprises were operating in Hefei, 22 of which had direct investments, including ABB, Hitachi, Unilever, Coca-Cola, Sanyo, Toyota, Continental AG, Visteon, Johnson Controls, IBM, and HP.

Starting in 2005, Hefei entered a period of rapid economic development, with growth rates in various economic indicators ranking among the top of provincial capitals nationwide. In 2008, it ranked third in urban development growth rate nationwide (after Chongqing and Tianjin). Its subordinate counties, Feidong and Feixi, consistently ranked among the top ten counties in Anhui Province and entered the list of the top 100 counties nationally in 2010. Due to Hefei's growing economic strength and influence, in August 2009, the Anhui Provincial Government issued the document Several Opinions on Accelerating the Construction of the Hefei Economic Circle, proposing to build a "Hefei Economic Circle" centered on Hefei, covering the surrounding prefecture-level cities of Huainan, Chuzhou, and Lu'an, as well as counties and districts such as Shucheng and Tongcheng. Hefei is closely collaborating with neighboring cities, signing relevant cooperation agreements to strengthen integrated planning and implementation in urban systems, infrastructure, industrial layout, market systems, ecological protection, and tourism development, further promoting cooperation and integration within the economic circle.

In terms of economic and urban development spatial layout, Hefei has proposed the "1331" urban development plan. In the first "1" of "1331," the new plan summarizes a "dual cores, two fans, two wings" structure. The "dual cores" refer to the "old city center" in the historic district and the "new city center" in the Binhu New District. The "two fans" are located in the northwest and southeast of Hefei, while the "two wings" are in the northeast and southwest. The three sub-central urban areas are Lujiang, Changfeng, and Chaohu. The three industrial new towns are the Airport Industrial New Town, Hechao Industrial New Town, and Lunan Industrial New Town. One area is the环巢湖休闲生态旅游区 (Chaohu Lake Leisure Eco-Tourism Zone).

From a national perspective, Hefei's GDP of 1,141.28 billion yuan (2021) ranks 19th among 297 prefecture-level cities and above in China.

In 2023, Hefei's regional GDP reached 1,267.38 billion yuan, representing a year-on-year increase of 5.8% calculated at constant prices.

7. Transportation

In recent years, Hefei has continuously increased its transportation infrastructure construction to change its locational and transportation disadvantages and promote economic and industrial development.

7.1 Roads

Hefei has formed the 105-kilometer-long G4001 Hefei Ring Expressway, which connects with seven expressways in directions such as Hefei-Nanjing, Hefei-Xuzhou, Hefei-Anqing, Hefei-Fuyang, Hefei-Wuhu, and Hefei-Lu'an, fully integrating into the national expressway network.

Hefei is one of the important road hubs. National Highway 206, National Highway 312, G4001 Hefei Ring Expressway, G3 Beijing-Taipei Expressway, G40 Shanghai-Xi'an Expressway, G42 Shanghai-Chengdu Expressway, G5011 Wuhu-Hefei Expressway, S17 Bengbu-Hefei Expressway, and other roads pass through the area.

7.1.1 Expressways

G3 Beijing-Taipei Expressway

• Shuangmiao Interchange
• Lukou Junction
• Liangyuan Interchange
• Longxi Junction
• Feidong Interchange
• Feidong Service Area
• Longtang Interchange
• Nanfeihe Road Interchange
• Baohe Avenue Interchange
• Xiaoxichong Junction

G3G4212 Beijing-Taipei Expressway, Hefei-Anqing Expressway

• Fangxing Avenue Interchange
• Yandian Interchange
• Fengle Service Area
• Shucheng Interchange
• Tangchi North Interchange
• Lujiang Interchange
• Mayan Junction

G3 Beijing-Taipei Expressway

• Lujiang South Interchange
• Shaxi Service Area
• Nihe Interchange
• Fushan Interchange

G4212 Hefei-Anqing Expressway

• Mayan Junction (Under Construction)
• Ketang Interchange
• Chenbu Service Area

G0321 Dezhou-Shangrao Expressway

• Gaodian Junction
• Mingchuan Interchange
• Shannan Interchange
• Xiaojingzhuang Service Area

G40G42 Shanghai-Xi'an, Shanghai-Chengdu Expressways

• Lan'ganji Interchange
• Wenji Service Area
• Shitang Interchange
• Longxi Junction

S91 Shanghai-Xi'an Expressway Branch (Under Construction)

• Zhongxing Service Area
• Sanshitou Interchange
• Shuangfeng Interchange
• Shuangdun Interchange
• Gangji Interchange
• Hefei West Junction
• Changgang Interchange (Under Construction)
• Airport Interchange
• S93 Airport Expressway
• Gaoliu Interchange
• Xinqiao Service Area
• Gaodian Interchange (Under Construction)
• Gaodian Junction

G4001 Hefei Ring Expressway

• Hefei West Junction
• Shushan Interchange
• Jixian Road Interchange
• Jinzhai Road Interchange
• Xiaoxichong Junction

G4221 Shanghai-Wuhan Expressway (Under Construction)

• Bazhen Interchange (Under Construction)
• Bazhen Junction (Under Construction)
• Lujiang East Service Area (Under Construction)
• Lujiang East Interchange (Under Construction)
• Lujiang North Interchange (Under Construction)
• Mayan Junction (Under Construction)

G4222 Hefei-Xiangyang Expressway (Under Construction)

• Xiage Junction (Under Construction)
• Xiage South Interchange (Under Construction)
• Xiage South Junction (Under Construction)
• Zhongbu Interchange (Under Construction)
• Tongyang South Interchange (Under Construction)
• Tongyang Junction (Under Construction)
• Sanhe Junction (Under Construction)
• Fengle Junction (Under Construction)
• Fengle Interchange (Under Construction)
• Xincang Interchange (Under Construction)

G5011 Wuhu-Hefei Expressway

• Bantang Interchange (Under Construction)
• Chaohu Interchange
• Xiage Junction
• Chaohu Service Area
• Tuogao Interchange
• Wangtie Junction (Under Construction)
• S90 Wuhu-Hefei Expressway Feidong Branch (Under Construction)
• Wangtie Interchange
• Longxi Junction

S90 Wuhu-Hefei Expressway Feidong Branch (Under Construction)

• Wangtie Junction (Under Construction)
• Xishanyi Interchange (Under Construction)
• Tongyang Interchange (Under Construction)
• Tongyang Junction (Under Construction)

S09 Mingguang-Hefei Expressway

• Chenji Interchange
• Gucheng Junction
• Mahu Interchange
• Zhanghui Junction
• Qinggangji Service Area (Under Construction)
• Suwan Interchange
• Xiage Junction
• Xiage Interchange

S11 Chaohu-Huangshan Expressway (Under Construction)

• Xiage South Junction (Under Construction)
• Woniushan Interchange (Under Construction)
• Yinping Interchange (Under Construction)
• Yinping Junction (Under Construction)

S12 Chuzhou-Xinyang Expressway

• Duji Service Area
• Yongfeng Interchange
• Changfeng Junction

S14 Chuzhou-Hefei Expressway (Under Construction)

• Daishanhu Interchange (Under Construction)
• Gucheng Junction (Under Construction)
• Longshan Interchange (Under Construction)
• Badou Interchange (Under Construction)
• Yangdian Interchange (Under Construction)
• Tuanjie Junction (Under Construction)
• Bailong Interchange (Under Construction)
• Luji Junction (Under Construction)
• S92 Chuzhou-Hefei Expressway Hefei Branch
• Huainan North Road Interchange (Under Construction)
• Xiatang Interchange (Under Construction)
• Taolou Interchange (Under Construction)
• Longmen Temple Junction (Under Construction)
• Fenshuiling Road Interchange (Under Construction)

S17 Bengbu-Hefei Expressway

• Changfeng Junction
• Changfeng South Interchange
• Yangmiao Interchange
• Longmen Temple Service Area
• Wushan Interchange
• Hefei West Junction

S18 Nanjing-Hefei Expressway (Under Construction)

• Xiage East Junction (Under Construction)
• Xiage South Interchange (Under Construction)
• Xiage South Junction (Under Construction)
• Zhongbu Interchange (Under Construction)
• Tongyang South Interchange (Under Construction)
• Tongyang Junction (Under Construction)

S19 Huaibei-Tongcheng Expressway (Under Construction)

• Xinqiao West Interchange (Under Construction)
• Gaoliu Junction (Under Construction)
• Weiwu Road Interchange (Under Construction)
• Bailianyan Road Interchange (Under Construction)
• Dabai Interchange (Under Construction)
• Mingchuan Road Interchange (Under Construction)
• Zipengshan Interchange (Under Construction)
• Huagang West Interchange (Under Construction)
• Huagang Service Area (Under Construction)
• Huagang South Interchange (Under Construction)
• Huagang Junction (Under Construction)
• Xincang Junction (Under Construction)

S20 Changfeng-Gushi Expressway (Under Construction)

• Changfeng West Junction (Under Construction)

S24 Hangzhou-Hefei Expressway (Under Construction)

S26 Wuhu-Tongcheng Expressway (Under Construction)

• Baihu Interchange (Under Construction)
• Lujiang South Junction (Under Construction)

S30 Tongling-Shangcheng Expressway (Under Construction)

• Bazhen Interchange (Under Construction)
• Muji Junction (Under Construction)
• Shengqiao Interchange (Under Construction)
• Baishan Service Area (Under Construction)
• Tongda Interchange (Under Construction)
• Sanhe Interchange (Under Construction)
• Sanhe Junction (Under Construction)
• Fengle Junction (Under Construction)
• Fengle Interchange (Under Construction)
• Xincang Interchange (Under Construction)

S48 Hefei-Yeji Expressway (Under Construction)

• Huagang Junction (Under Construction)
• Shannan Junction (Under Construction)

7.1.2 National Highways

• G206 (Yantai-Shantou Line)
• G312 (Shanghai-Khorgos Line)
• G330 (Wenzhou-Hefei Line)
• G346 (Shanghai-Kangding Line)

7.1.3 Provincial Highways

• S101 (Hefei-Xiangyang Road)
• S102 (Hefei-Fuyang Road)
• S103 (Hefei-Huangshan Road)
• S104 (Hefei-Xuanzhou Road)
• S105 (Hefei-Ma'anshan Road)

7.1.4 Municipal Express Roads

7.1.4.1 Operational Sections

• Jinzhai Road Elevated
• North-South No.1 Elevated
• Tongling Road Elevated
• Huizhou Avenue Elevated
• Baohe Avenue Elevated
• Fuyang North Road Elevated
• Yuxi Road Elevated
• Hezuohua South Road Elevated
• First Ring Express Road
• Second Ring Express Road (West Ring, South Ring, North Ring)
• Changjiang West Road Express Road
• Fangxing Avenue Express Road
• Shanghai Road Express Road
• Langxi Road Elevated
• Susong Road Express Road
• Baogong Avenue Express Road
• Huaihai Avenue Express Road
• Jinxiu Avenue Express Road

7.1.4.2 Under Construction and Planned Sections

• Nanfeihe Road Express Road
• Wenzhong Road Elevated
• Qingxi Road Express Road
• Silihe Road Express Road
• Xinbengbu Road Express Road
• Longxing Avenue Elevated
• Qiaotouji Road Elevated
• Jiangjunling Road Express Road
• Hefei-Lu'an Road (G312 Shushan to Xiaomiao Section) Express Road

7.2 Railway

Hefei Railway Station It has the Hefei-Wuhan High-Speed Railway, Hefei-Nanjing High-Speed Railway, Huainan Railway, Hefei-Jiujiang Railway, Nanjing-Xi'an Railway, Hefei-Fuzhou High-Speed Railway, and Hefei-Qingdao High-Speed Railway. The Hefei-Bengbu Passenger Dedicated Line, built to the standard of the Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway, officially opened on October 16, 2012, reducing the fastest travel time from Hefei to Beijing to under 4 hours. The operation of the Hefei Railway South Loop Line and Hefei South Station further established Hefei's railway network into a "tripod" structure. Hefei South High-Speed Railway Station was built as a comprehensive transfer hub and has since become one of the national high-speed railway hubs.

Railway stations within the area: Hefei Station, Hefei South Station, Hefei West Station, Hefei North Station, Hefei East Station (Freight only), Feixi Station, Feidong Station (Under Renovation), Shuijiahu Station, Hefei Beicheng Station, Shuangdunji Station, Lujiang Station, Lujiang South Station, Longqiao Station, Lujiang West Station (Under Construction), Chaohu Station, Chaohu East Station, Chaohu Zhongbu Station, Chaohu West StationThe planned construction of the Shangqiu-Hefei-Hangzhou Passenger Dedicated Line, among others, will further enhance the convenience of Hefei's railway transportation. Additionally, Hefei is one of the four major railway hub cities in the Yangtze River Delta. The new Yangtze River Delta intercity railway plan will center on Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, and Hefei, covering prefecture-level cities and major towns in the Yangtze River Delta region. It aims to achieve a "1-2 hour transportation circle" between major cities and adjacent cities, with travel times of within 3 hours to other cities in the region. The convenient high-speed rail construction has propelled Hefei to become a national railway hub. It is now possible to travel from Hefei to Nanjing in 1 hour, to Shanghai and Hangzhou in 2 hours, to Wuhan and Zhengzhou in 3 hours, and to Beijing and Fuzhou in 4 hours.

7.3 Water Transport

In terms of shipping, Hefei Port is one of China's 28 major inland river ports. The Jianghuai Canal, currently under construction, is expected to open for navigation by the end of 2022. The Yuxi River has been upgraded and renovated, enabling 2,000-ton vessels to reach the city's docks via the Yangtze River, Yuxi River, Chaohu Lake, and Shangpai River. The planning for the first-class Zhaoxi River channel is underway, which will allow 3,000-5,000-ton sea-river vessels direct access to Hefei Port in the future. With the acceleration of domestic and international industrial transfers and the improvement of Hefei's transportation conditions, its advantages in location, transportation, industrial foundation, and scientific, educational, and talent resources are gradually gaining recognition, attracting an increasing amount of investment and project clustering.

7.4 Civil Aviation

Hefei is home to Hefei Xinqiao International Airport, which operates over 60 domestic routes and international routes to Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, South Korea, Japan, Thailand, and other destinations. The airport is currently rated as 4E, with plans to upgrade to 4F in the long term. Upon completion of its second-phase project, Hefei Xinqiao Airport will join the ranks of airports such as Beijing Capital, Shanghai Hongqiao, Shanghai Pudong, Guangzhou Baiyun, Shenzhen Bao'an, and Xiamen Gaoqi in possessing the highest flight area classification in China. Currently, it can accommodate all commercially operated aircraft worldwide except the A380. The former Hefei Luogang International Airport was relocated on May 30, 2013.

7.5 Urban Transportation

7.5.1 Buses

With the expansion of the city, Hefei's bus system has also seen significant development. In 2006, Hefei was recognized as a "National Demonstration City for Prioritizing Urban Public Transportation Development." Hefei Public Transport Group is the backbone enterprise for urban bus passenger transport in Hefei. Its predecessor, Hefei Public Transport Corporation, was established in February 1956. In May 2002, Hefei Public Transport Corporation merged and restructured with Hefei Taxi and Tourism Corporation to form Hefei Public Transport Group. The group currently has nearly 12,000 employees and over 5,000 vehicles, including approximately 4,500 operational buses. It operates 161 bus routes with a total length of 2,040 kilometers. The daily bus mileage is 720,000 kilometers, and the average daily passenger volume has increased from 800,000 five years ago to 2 million. The share of public transport in overall travel has steadily risen.

7.5.2 Hefei Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)

Hefei has hundreds of bus routes. Among them, the Hefei Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system was launched in 2010. As of June 2023, it comprises 8 lines.

7.5.3 Taxis

The taxi starting fare in Hefei is: 8 yuan for the first 2.5 kilometers for vehicles with an engine displacement of 2.0 liters or less, and 9 yuan for the first 2.5 kilometers for vehicles with an engine displacement of 2 liters or more. After the initial distance, the fare is 1.4 yuan per kilometer for vehicles with an engine displacement below 1.3 liters, and 1.6 yuan per kilometer for vehicles with an engine displacement of 1.3 liters or more. For one-way trips between 15 and 25 kilometers, a 50% surcharge is added per kilometer; for trips over 25 kilometers, a 75% surcharge is added per kilometer. From 23:00 to 5:00, the fare is adjusted to 1.68 yuan per kilometer for vehicles with an engine displacement of 1.3 liters or less, and 1.92 yuan per kilometer for vehicles with an engine displacement of 1.3 liters or more.

7.5.4 Rail Transit

The currently operational lines are Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4, and Line 5, with a total operational length of 215.92 kilometers and 161 stations. The first phases of Line 6, Line 7, Line 8, and Line S1, which are under construction, are scheduled to open for operation successively after 2024.

8. Education

8.1 Scientific Research

Hefei is one of the first science and education cities designated by the Chinese government. It is a national pilot city for scientific and technological innovation and a national innovation pilot city, as well as a member city of the World Technopolis Association. By the end of 2021, Hefei was listed alongside Shanghai, Beijing, and Shenzhen as a comprehensive national science center. In 2016, Hefei had 151 key laboratories and engineering laboratories at or above the provincial and ministerial level, including 13 national key (engineering) laboratories; 141 engineering technology research centers at or above the provincial level, including 7 national-level centers (including branch centers); and 36 engineering research centers at or above the provincial level, including 12 national-level centers. In 2016, Hefei achieved 8 scientific and technological accomplishments that received national science and technology awards, including 3 second prizes in the National Natural Science Award, 1 first prize and 4 second prizes in the National Science and Technology Progress Award. Throughout the year, 50,792 patent applications were accepted, including 25,895 invention patents, representing a year-on-year increase of 57.6%; 18,496 patents were granted, including 4,799 invention patents, an increase of 40.6%. A total of 10,460 technical contracts were signed, with a transaction value of 12.045 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 14.8%. Hefei is home to over 200 various scientific research institutions, represented by the Hefei Institutes of Physical Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, including the Institute of Plasma Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei High Magnetic Field Center, and Anhui Institute of Circular Economy Engineering. Hefei hosts three national laboratories: the National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, the National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and the National Laboratory for Magnetic Confinement Nuclear Fusion (in preparation). The first two are affiliated with the University of Science and Technology of China, while the latter is jointly affiliated with the Institute of Plasma Physics, the University of Science and Technology of China, and the Southwest Institute of Nuclear Physics. | National Laboratories | National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory | Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale | |------------|-------------------|--------------------| | | National Laboratory for Magnetic Confinement Nuclear Fusion | National Laboratory for Quantum Information Sciences | | National Major Science and Engineering Laboratories | National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory | Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) | | | HT-7 Superconducting Tokamak Fusion Experimental Device | Steady High Magnetic Field Experimental Facility |

8.2 Higher Education Institutions

Hefei is one of the cultural and educational centers in Anhui Province and even the East China region. The prestigious 985 Project university, the University of Science and Technology of China, is located in Hefei. The Electronic Countermeasures College of the National University of Defense Technology and the Army Artillery and Air Defense Academy of the People's Liberation Army are also situated in Hefei. Additionally, there are two 211 Project universities: Hefei University of Technology and Anhui University. Other universities include Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui Medical University, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, and Anhui Jianzhu University. Colleges include Anhui Xinhua University, Anhui Wenda University of Information Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei Normal University, Anhui Sanlian University, Anhui Vocational College of Art, and Hefei College of Economics, among others.

8.3 High Schools

Hefei has 28 Anhui Provincial Exemplary High Schools:

• Hefei No. 1 High School
• Hefei 168 High School
• Hefei No. 8 High School
• Hefei No. 6 High School
• Hefei No. 4 High School
• Hefei No. 7 High School
• Hefei No. 9 High School
• Hefei No. 10 High School
• Hefei No. 2 High School
• Hefei No. 3 High School
• Hefei No. 5 High School
• Hefei No. 32 High School
• Hefei Luyang High School
• Hefei No. 11 High School
• Affiliated High School of Hefei University of Technology
• Feidong No. 1 High School
• Feidong No. 2 High School
• Feixi High School
• Feixi Nongxing High School
• Changfeng No. 1 High School
• Lujiang High School
• Lujiang No. 2 High School
• Lujiang Jinniu High School
• Lujiang Tangchi High School
• Chaohu No. 1 High School
• Chaohu No. 2 High School
• Chaohu No. 4 High School
• Chaohu Tongyang High School, Chaohu Huailin High School

9. Population

In 2022, the city's permanent resident population was 9.634 million, an increase of 169,000 people or 1.79% compared to the previous year. This accounted for 15.72% of the province's total population, an increase of 0.24 percentage points from the previous year.

According to the Seventh National Population Census in 2020, the city's permanent resident population was 9,369,881. Compared with the 7,457,027 people recorded in the Sixth National Population Census, the population increased by 1,912,854 over the past ten years, a growth of 25.65%, with an average annual growth rate of 2.31%. Among them, the permanent resident population in the municipal districts was 5,118,199, the urban population of the city was 7,709,277, representing an urbanization rate of 82.28%, and the floating population was 4,442,288. In the city's permanent resident population, males numbered 4,821,924, accounting for 51.46%; females numbered 4,547,957, accounting for 48.54%, resulting in a sex ratio of 106.02. Within the permanent resident population, the population aged 0-14 was 1,547,924, accounting for 16.52%; the population aged 15-59 was 6,392,097, accounting for 68.22%; the population aged 60 and above was 1,429,860, accounting for 15.26%, of which the population aged 65 and above was 1,123,214, accounting for 11.99%. The average years of education for the city's population was 10.08 years. Among the population aged 15 and above, those with primary education accounted for 19.8%, those with junior secondary education accounted for 26.9%, those with senior secondary education accounted for 14.9%, and those with college education and above accounted for 26.4%.

9.1. Ethnic Groups

Among the city's permanent resident population, the Han ethnic group numbered 9,300,616, accounting for 99.26%; ethnic minorities numbered 69,265, accounting for 0.74%. Compared with the 2010 Sixth National Population Census, the Han population increased by 1,891,129, a growth of 25.52%, but its proportion of the total population decreased by 0.1 percentage points; the ethnic minority population increased by 21,725, a growth of 45.7%, and its proportion of the total population increased by 0.1 percentage points.

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10. Culture

Hefei boasts a profound historical and cultural heritage, renowned as the "Ancient Land of the Three Kingdoms, Hometown of Lord Bao, and Cradle of the Huai Army." Hefei's culture belongs to the Jianghuai culture. Due to its unique geographical location between the Yangtze and Huaihe Rivers, it serves as a convergence point for northern and southern cultures, blending the boldness of the Central Plains culture from northern Anhui with the astuteness of the Wanjiang culture from southern Anhui.

10.1 Opera

The main local opera in Hefei is Lu Opera. Other operas performed include Peking Opera and Yue Opera. Lu Opera, also known as "Daoqi Opera," originated in the area between the Yangtze and Huaihe Rivers. It is a local opera that has absorbed characteristics from other operas like Hui Opera and Peking Opera. While there are no definitive historical records pinpointing its exact origin, it can be traced back at least to the mid-Qing Dynasty, boasting a history of approximately two hundred years. Historically, Lu Opera was popular in counties and cities of western, central, and parts of southern Anhui between the Yangtze and Huaihe Rivers, primarily performed by folk troupes. In the 1950s, cultural authorities reformed private Lu Opera troupes into state-owned entities, establishing over twenty professional state-run Lu Opera troupes, including the Anhui Provincial Lu Opera Troupe and the Hefei People's Lu Opera Troupe. The Hefei Lu Opera Troupe, formed in August 1969 through the merger of the Anhui Provincial Lu Opera Troupe and the Hefei People's Lu Opera Troupe, is the foremost Lu Opera performance group in Anhui Province. In May 2006, Lu Opera was included in the first batch of the National Intangible Cultural Heritage List by the State Council.

10.2 Cuisine

Hefei cuisine, also known as Luzhou cuisine, refers collectively to the rustic, home-style dishes originating from the areas surrounding Hefei City. Influenced by both the Huai River and Yangtze River regional cuisines within the province, and due to its proximity to Jiangsu Province, many dishes in Hefei cuisine also incorporate the light and delicate flavors characteristic of Huaiyang cuisine. Through its long-term development, Hefei cuisine has formed its own unique style, predominantly featuring savory, sweet, and spicy flavors with a focus on sauces. It emphasizes cured aromas and original tastes, highlighting its distinctive character. Famous Hefei dishes include Cao Cao Chicken, Lord Bao Fish, Li Hongzhang's Chop Suey, and Luzhou Roast Duck.

Hefei snacks, also known as Luzhou snacks, are based on the inheritance of ancient Luzhou traditional snacks while absorbing and integrating characteristics from snacks across and beyond the province, forming famous snack products with strong local Hefei characteristics. Hefei snacks combine features of both northern and southern China, including southern-style pastries and northern-style noodles. A local rhyme goes: "Big Sesame Cakes, Jade Belt Cakes, Cun Jin, Bai Qie, plus Hong Gao; Small Knife Noodles, Wontons, Dumplings; Dry-fried Dumplings, Oil Cakes, Steamed Buns; Dragon Lantern Festival Balls wrapped around Fried Dough Sticks" – illustrating the diversity of Hefei snacks. Among them, four sweet snacks – Sesame Cakes (Ma Bing), Hong Gao, Cun Jin, and Bai Qie Pian – are collectively known as the "Four Famous Pastries of Hefei." Additionally, Luyang Soup Dumplings, Duck Oil Baked Cakes, and Sanhe Rice Dumplings are also quite renowned.

10.3 National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units

• Site of the General Front Committee Headquarters of the Yangtze River Crossing Campaign
• Former Residence of Liu Mingchuan
• Former Residence of Feng Yuxiang
• Yinshan Homo Sapiens Site
• Former Residence of Li Hongzhang
• Exhibition Building of the Anhui Provincial Museum
• Site of the Cao-Wei Period New City in Hefei
• Former Residence of Zhang Zhizhong
• Laoshan Pagoda
• Tomb of Wu Fu

10.4 Tourism

Although Hefei's tourism industry started relatively late, it has leveraged its own historical resources to form tourism attractions with distinct cultural characteristics. Examples include: the Lord Bao Temple within Bao Park, where Bao Zheng studied and lived in his youth, and the Tomb of Lord Bao; Xiaoyaojin, an ancient battlefield from the Three Kingdoms period, now a comprehensive park with historical and cultural features, complete facilities, beautiful environment, and pleasant scenery; Jiaonu Terrace, where Cao Cao trained his troops during the Three Kingdoms period; and important Buddhist sites like Mingjiao Temple and Kaifu Temple. Hui Garden opened in September 2001, featuring approximately 45 scenic spots within, including the Hefei Garden, Lu'an Garden, and Cao Cao's Troop Transport Tunnel. Other cultural attractions include the Former Residence of Li Hongzhang on Huaihe Road and the Li Hongzhang Memorial Hall in Daxing Town. There are also attractions like the Ring City Park, Baohe Park, Apricot Blossom Park, Three Kingdoms Site Park, Hefei Ocean World, Happy Island, Sunshine Coast Water World, Swan Lake Park, Feicui Lake Park, and Binhu Wetland Forest Park.

Hefei City boasts two hot spring resort areas: Bantang and Tangchi. Following the incorporation of the former Chaohu City's Lujiang County and Juchao District into Hefei City, the Bantang Hot Springs in Chaohu City (former Juchao District) and the Tangchi Hot Springs in Lujiang County have become part of Hefei's tourism resources. Bantang Town is located in the eastern part of Chaohu City, while Tangchi Town is situated in the western part of Lujiang County.

10.5 Scenic Spots

• Chaohu National Scenic Area
• Hefei Ring City Park (National Key Park)
• Zipeng Mountain National Forest Park
• Hefei Dashushan National Forest Park
• Hefei Binhu (Wetland) Forest Park

11. Sister Cities

11.1 Sister Cities

| | Japan | Sierra Leone | Burundi | USA | Denmark | Spain | South Korea | Australia | UK | Germany | Russia | Cambodia | |-----|------------|--------------|------------|------------|-----------|----------|--------------|-------------|------------|-----------|-----------|-----------| | City | Kurume | Freetown | Bujumbura | Columbus | Aalborg | Lleida | Wonju | Darebin | Belfast | Osnabrück | Ufa | Phnom Penh | | Established | 5/20/80 | 3/20/84 | 7/7/86 | 11/17/88 | 4/22/89 | 4/4/98 | 5/6/02 | 10/29/03 | 12/26/03 | 6/5/06 | 6/17/16 | 11/6/18 |

11.2 Friendly Cooperation Cities

| Country | South Korea | South Korea | Germany | USA | Russia | Cambodia | Netherlands | Germany | UK | USA | |---------|-------------|-------------|------------|------------|-----------|-----------|-------------|------------|-----------|-----------| | City | Daejeon | Seosan | Rostock | Dallas | Samara | Phnom Penh | Heerenveen | Cottbus | Derby | Cupertino | | Established | 10/29/03 | 6/8/08 | 5/13/10 | 12/11/12 | 5/26/15 | 12/4/15 | 2/24/16 | 2/28/16 | 11/1/16 | 11/8/16 |

| Country | Germany | Belarus | France | Russia | Russia | Russia | New Zealand | Spain | Italy | Armenia | Israel | |---------|------------|------------|------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------| | City | Stralsund | Brest | Avignon | Saratov | Cheboksary| Nizhny Novgorod | Palmerston North | Salamanca | Asti | Yeghegnadzor | Petah Tikva | | Established | 3/8/17 | 9/14/17 | 1/25/18 | 5/15/18 | 5/23/19 | 5/30/19 | 11/5/21 | 7/14/22 | 5/14/23 | 5/15/23 | 8/24/23 |

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"Hefei receives the influence of both northern and southern tides, serving as a hub for the trade of leather, abalone, and timber." —Records of the Grand Historian: Biographies of the Money Makers

100 Dongliu Road, Government and Cultural New District, Hefei City

Shushan District

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Magnolia grandiflora

Osmanthus, pomegranate flower