Shangrao (上饶)

1. Introduction

Shangrao City, abbreviated as Rao, historically known as Raozhou, Xinzhou, and Guangxin, is a prefecture-level city under the jurisdiction of Jiangxi Province, the People's Republic of China. It is located in the northeastern part of Jiangxi Province. The city borders Yingtan City, Fuzhou City, and Nanping City of Fujian Province to the south; Nanchang City and Jiujiang City to the west; Jingdezhen City, Chizhou City, and Huangshan City of Anhui Province to the north; and Quzhou City of Zhejiang Province to the east. Situated at the junction of Jiangxi, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Fujian provinces, the terrain is higher in the east and lower in the west, with hills widely distributed throughout the area. The northern part is dominated by Zhanggong Mountain, the central part by Huaiyu Mountain, and the southeastern part by Wuyi Mountain, whose main peak, Huanggang Mountain, is the highest peak in Jiangxi. To the west lies Poyang Lake, with the surrounding area forming the vast Poyang Lake Plain. The Xin River and the Rao River (which receives the Changjiang River from the north and the Le'an River from the south) are the two major rivers, both flowing from east to west and emptying into Poyang Lake. The Municipal People's Government is located in the Administrative New District of Shangrao City.

Shangrao is a national optical and photovoltaic high-tech industrial base and a national advanced manufacturing base. Its subordinate Dexing City is home to the largest copper mine in Asia and serves as a significant national non-ferrous metals industrial base.

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2. History

2.1 Before Establishment

Shangrao was historically part of Yangzhou and during the Spring and Autumn period, it was located in the territories of Wu and Yue.

During the Qin dynasty, it belonged to the three commanderies of Jiujiang, Kuaiji, and Danyang.

In the Han dynasty, it was part of the three commanderies of Yuzhang, Kuaiji, and Danyang. During the Jian'an era of the Eastern Han dynasty, Poyang Commandery was separated from Yuzhang Commandery. In the Three Kingdoms period under Wu, it belonged to the three commanderies of Poyang, Kuaiji, and Xindu. During the Jin dynasty, it was part of the four commanderies of Poyang, Xin'an, Xin'an, and Jian'an.

In the ninth year of the Kaihuang era of the Sui dynasty, Poyang Commandery was renamed Raozhou, which was later abolished and restored as Poyang Commandery.

2.2 Xinzhou and Guangxin Prefecture

In the fourth year of the Wude era of the Tang dynasty (621 AD), Shangrao County was established by separating it from Yiyang. In the fifth year of Wude, Poyang Commandery was renamed Raozhou, and the region belonged to Raozhou, Quzhou, and Shezhou. In the seventh year of Wude, Shangrao County was merged back into Yiyang. In the first year of the Qianyuan era (758 AD), Xinzhou was established from Yiyang County of Raozhou, Changshan County of Quzhou, and Yushan County, and Shangrao County was re-established. The region belonged to Raozhou, Xinzhou, and Shezhou, under the two circuits of Jiangnan East and Jiangnan West.

During the Song dynasty, it mainly belonged to Shangrao Commandery of Xinzhou and Poyang Commandery of Raozhou, under the Jiangnan East Circuit.

In the Yuan dynasty, it mainly belonged to Xinzhou Route, Raozhou Route, and Qianshan Zhou, under the Jiangzhe Branch Secretariat.

In the ninth year of the Hongwu era of the Ming dynasty, Jiangxi was divided into five circuits, and the region belonged to Raozhou Prefecture of the Jiujiang Circuit and Guangxin Prefecture of the Hudong Circuit.

The Qing dynasty followed the Ming system.

2.3 Modern Era

In the early Republic of China, it mainly belonged to the Yuzhang Circuit and Xunyang Circuit. In 1932, it mainly belonged to the Fourth and Sixth Administrative Districts of Jiangxi.

On April 29, 1949, Jingdezhen City was established by separating it from Fuliang County. On May 14, Shangrao City was established by separating it from Shangrao County. On September 6, Shangrao Special District and Leping Special District were established, with the latter renamed Fuliang Special District in 1950. On October 8, 1952, the two special districts merged to form Yingtan Special District, which was renamed Shangrao Special District on December 6. In 1953, Jingdezhen City was separated from Shangrao Special District and elevated to a prefecture-level city. In 1960, Shangrao County was abolished and merged into Shangrao City, and Fuliang County was abolished and merged into Jingdezhen City. In 1964, Shangrao County was re-established. In 1970, it was renamed Shangrao Region. In 1983, Leping County was placed under the jurisdiction of Jingdezhen City, and the county-level Yingtan City, Guixi County, and Yujiang County were separated to establish the prefecture-level Yingtan City. In October 2000, the original Shangrao Region and county-level Shangrao City were abolished, and the prefecture-level Shangrao City and Xinzhou District were established.

During the 2020 Southern China floods, starting from June 3, heavy to torrential rain fell across Shangrao City. As of 10:00 on June 5, 83 townships in 10 counties (cities, districts) of Shangrao were affected, with 3,333 people urgently relocated. On July 8, the 800-year-old Rainbow Bridge in Wuyuan County was struck by severe flooding, with parts of the bridge deck washed away. On July 10, 14 embankments in Poyang County experienced overtopping and breach risks, making the flood control situation exceptionally severe. On July 11, the water level at the Poyang Station exceeded the historical record set in 1998.

3. Geography

3.1 Location

Shangrao City is located in the northeastern part of Jiangxi Province, bordering the provinces of Zhejiang, Anhui, and Fujian.

3.2 Topography and Landforms

The city's terrain is predominantly composed of medium and low mountains and hills. The Wuyi Mountain Range stretches along the southern border with Fujian, with its main peak, Huanggang Mountain, reaching an elevation of 2,157.7 meters, making it the highest peak in East China. The central part features the Huaiyu Mountain Range, with its main peak, Yujing Peak, at 1,816.9 meters, forming the core area of the famous scenic spot, Mount Sanqing. In the north, along the Jiangxi-Anhui border, lie the Zhanggong Mountains and the foothills of the Huangshan Mountains, mostly consisting of low mountains and hills interspersed with small basins. The western part comprises the Poyang Lake Plain, characterized by a network of rivers and scattered lakes.

3.3 Water Systems

The main water systems are the Xinjiang River system and the Poyang River system.

3.4 Resources

Mineral resources primarily include copper (in Dexing and Yongping), phosphorus (in Guangfeng), black talc (in Guangfeng), porcelain stone (in Yiyang), and coal (in Guangxin District). The region is rich in building materials such as red stone, slab stone, and sand gravel.

3.5 Climate

Shangrao has a subtropical monsoon climate with four distinct seasons. | Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | |-----------------|-----------|-----------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|-----------|-----------|------------|------------| | Record High °C | 29.2 | 32.5 | 35.9 | 38.5 | 40.4 | 39.8 | 38.8 | 38.1 | 35.1 | 33.5 | 30.5 | 28.1 | 40.4 | | Record High °F | 84.6 | 90.5 | 96.6 | 101.3 | 104.7 | 103.6 | 101.8 | 100.6 | 95.2 | 92.3 | 86.9 | 82.6 | 104.7 | | Average High °C | 21.8 | 25.0 | 28.7 | 31.8 | 32.5 | 32.3 | 31.0 | 30.6 | 28.4 | 26.4 | 23.3 | 21.0 | 27.7 | | Average High °F | 71.2 | 77.0 | 83.7 | 89.2 | 90.5 | 90.1 | 87.8 | 87.1 | 83.1 | 79.5 | 73.9 | 69.8 | 81.9 | | Daily Mean °C | 13.6 | 17.0 | 21.2 | 24.5 | 25.6 | 26.1 | 25.3 | 24.8 | 22.8 | 20.3 | 16.1 | 13.0 | 20.9 | | Daily Mean °F | 56.5 | 62.6 | 70.2 | 76.1 | 78.1 | 79.0 | 77.5 | 76.6 | 73.0 | 68.5 | 61.0 | 55.4 | 69.5 | | Average Low °C | 6.9 | 9.9 | 14.2 | 17.8 | 20.0 | 21.4 | 21.4 | 20.8 | 19.1 | 16.3 | 11.2 | 7.3 | 15.5 | | Average Low °F | 44.4 | 49.8 | 57.6 | 64.0 | 68.0 | 70.5 | 70.5 | 69.4 | 66.4 | 61.3 | 52.2 | 45.1 | 59.9 | | Record Low °C | 1.7 | 3.6 | 4.9 | 8.7 | 10.5 | 13.6 | 15.2 | 15.6 | 10.9 | 9.5 | 3.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | | Record Low °F | 35.1 | 38.5 | 40.8 | 47.7 | 50.9 | 56.5 | 59.4 | 60.1 | 51.6 | 49.1 | 37.9 | 32.7 | 32.7 | | Average Precipitation mm | 5.2 | 3.8 | 7.2 | 13.5 | 53.8 | 140.5 | 218.9 | 180.4 | 137.4 | 59.8 | 16.5 | 1.8 | 838.8 | | Average Precipitation inches | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.28 | 0.53 | 2.12 | 5.53 | 8.62 | 7.10 | 5.41 | 2.35 | 0.65 | 0.07 | 33.01 | | Average Precipitation Days | 1.5 | 1.6 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 7.9 | 13.8 | 19.2 | 15.4 | 14.6 | 10.2 | 4.3 | 1.3 | 96.2 | | Average Relative Humidity (%) | 51 | 40 | 35 | 36 | 48 | 62 | 72 | 72 | 74 | 72 | 68 | 64 | 58 |

3. Administrative Divisions

Shangrao City currently administers 3 municipal districts, 8 counties, and oversees 1 county-level city on behalf of the province.

• Municipal Districts: Xinzhou District, Guangfeng District, Guangxin District
• County-level City: Dexing City
• Counties: Yushan County, Qianshan County, Hengfeng County, Yiyang County, Yugan County, Poyang County, Wannian County, Wuyuan County The Shangrao Economic and Technological Development Zone is a national-level economic and technological development zone established by Shangrao City. | Division Code | Division Name | Chinese Pinyin | Area (km²) | Resident Population (2020 Census) | Government Seat | Postal Code | Subdistricts | Towns | Townships | Ethnic Townships | |-------------------|---------------------|-----------------------|----------------|---------------------------------------|----------------------------|-----------------|------------------|-----------|---------------|----------------------| | 510400 | Panzhihua City | Panzhihua Shi | 7,411.03 | 1,212,203 | Dongqu Yancao Subdistrict | 617000 | 11 | 23 | 15 | 10 | | 510402 | Dong District | Dong Qū | 165.00 | 411,427 | Dadukou Subdistrict | 617000 | 5 | 1 | | | | 510403 | Xi District | Xi Qū | 122.88 | 129,406 | Qingxiangping Subdistrict | 617000 | 5 | 1 | | | | 510411 | Renhe District | Reiné Qū | 1,728.98 | 265,562 | Renhe Town | 617000 | 1 | 8 | 5 | 2 | | 510421 | Miyi County | Miyi Xiàn | 2,104.96 | 227,011 | Panlian Town | 617200 | 7 | 4 | 4 | | | 510422 | Yanbian County | Yánbiān Xiàn | 3,289.21 | 178,797 | Tongzilin Town | 617100 | 6 | 6 | 4 | |

4. Economy

In 2021, the regional GDP reached 304.35 billion yuan, an increase of 9.0% over the previous year. Specifically, the added value of the primary industry was 31.69 billion yuan, up by 7.1%; the secondary industry added 120.09 billion yuan, up by 8.4%; and the tertiary industry contributed 152.57 billion yuan, up by 10.0%. The per capita regional GDP was 47,081 yuan, an increase of 9.6%, which converted to 7,299 U.S. dollars based on the annual average exchange rate.

5. Transportation

Railways: Shanghai-Kunming Railway, Fengfeng-Fuzhou Railway, Anhui-Jiangxi Railway, Quzhou-Jiujiang Railway. High-Speed Railways: Shanghai-Kunming Passenger Dedicated Line, Hefei-Fuzhou Passenger Dedicated Line. Highways: In 2010, the total length of highways in the city reached 18,156.21 kilometers, with expressways totaling 382.12 kilometers. National Highways: National Highway 206, National Highway 237, National Highway 320, National Highway 353. Expressways: G60 Shanghai-Kunming Expressway, G56 Hangzhou-Ruili Expressway, G35 Jinan-Guangzhou Expressway, G1514 Nanjing-Shangrao Expressway. Aviation: Shangrao Sanqingshan Airport.

6. Education

In 2010, the city had a total of 3 regular higher education institutions (Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao Vocational Technical College, and Shangrao Branch of Jiangxi Medical College), with an enrollment of 20,300 students. There were 57,000 students enrolled in various types of secondary vocational education (including vocational high schools, excluding technical schools). The city had 81 regular high schools, with an enrollment of 109,100 students; 370 regular junior high schools, with an enrollment of 339,200 students; and 2,203 primary schools, with an enrollment of 714,600 students.

7. Population

According to the Seventh National Population Census in 2020, the city's resident population was 6,491,088. Compared with the 6,579,747 people from the Sixth National Population Census, the total decrease over the ten years was 88,659 people, a decline of 1.35%, with an average annual growth rate of -0.14%. Among them, the male population was 3,345,927, accounting for 51.55% of the total population; the female population was 3,145,161, accounting for 48.45% of the total population. The overall sex ratio (with females as 100) was 106.38. The population aged 0–14 was 1,507,637, accounting for 23.23% of the total population; the population aged 15–59 was 3,834,888, accounting for 59.08% of the total population; the population aged 60 and above was 1,148,563, accounting for 17.69% of the total population, of which the population aged 65 and above was 808,285, accounting for 12.45% of the total population. The urban population was 3,526,049, accounting for 54.32% of the total population; the rural population was 2,965,039, accounting for 45.68% of the total population.

According to the Sixth National Population Census in 2010, the city's resident population was 6,579,714. Compared with the Fifth National Population Census in 2000, the total increase over the ten years was 451,041 people, a growth of 7.36%, with an average annual increase of 45,104 people and an average annual growth rate of 0.71%. Among them, males were 3,396,180, accounting for 51.62% of the total population; females were 3,183,534, accounting for 48.38% of the total population. The sex ratio (with females as 100) was 106.68. The population aged 0–14 was 1,559,315, accounting for 23.70% of the total population; the population aged 15–64 was 4,535,455, accounting for 68.93% of the total population; the population aged 65 and above was 484,944, accounting for 7.37% of the total population.

7.1. Ethnic Groups

Among the city's resident population, the Han ethnic group population was 6,469,337, accounting for 99.66%; the combined population of various ethnic minorities was 21,751, accounting for 0.34%. Compared with the Sixth National Population Census in 2010, the Han population decreased by 97,508 people, a decline of 1.48%, with its proportion of the total population decreasing by 0.14 percentage points; the combined population of ethnic minorities increased by 8,849 people, a growth of 68.59%, with its proportion of the total population increasing by 0.14 percentage points.

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8. Culture

8.1 National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units

• Shangrao Concentration Camp Site
• Site of the Fujian-Zhejiang-Jiangxi Provincial Committee Headquarters
• Xianren Cave and Diaotonghuan Site
• Qinghua Rainbow Bridge
• Ehu Academy
• Wuyuan Ancestral Halls
• Residential Buildings in Likeng Village
• Sheshantou Site
• Yinshan Silver Mine Site
• Baojia Gold Mine Site
• Yongfu Temple Pagoda
• Ancient Architectural Complex on Mount Sanqing
• Longxi Zhu Clan Ancestral Hall
• Two Memorial Archways of the Gong Clan Ancestral Hall and Stone Carvings of "Washing Gauze"
• Fengshan Zha Clan Ancestral Hall
• Xinyuan Yu Clan Ancestral Hall
• Nanyan Grottoes

8.2 Famous Historical and Cultural Towns and Villages

• China's Famous Historical and Cultural Towns: Geyuan Town in Hengfeng County, Hekou Town in Yanshan County, Shitang Town in Yanshan County
• China's Famous Historical and Cultural Villages: Likeng Village in Tuochuan Township, Wuyuan County; Wangkou Village in Jiangwan Town, Wuyuan County; Yancun Village in Sikou Town, Wuyuan County; Hongguan Village in Zheyuan Township, Wuyuan County; Sixi Village in Sikou Town, Wuyuan County; Huangling Village in Jiangwan Town, Wuyuan County; Xichong Village in Sikou Town, Wuyuan County
• Jiangxi Province's Famous Historical and Cultural Villages: Likeng Village in Qiukou Town, Wuyuan County; Xiaoqi Village in Jiangwan Town, Wuyuan County; Jiangwan Village in Jiangwan Town, Wuyuan County; Youshan Village in Zhentou Town, Wuyuan County; Qingyuan Village in Duanxin Township, Wuyuan County; Fengshan Village in Zheyuan Township, Wuyuan County; Kaoshui Village in Ziyang Town, Wuyuan County; Lanzi She Ethnic Village in Yaojia Township, Hengfeng County

8.3 Scenic Spots and Historical Sites

• Xinzhou District and Guangxin District: Xinjiang Academy, No. 17 Xiangfu Road Residence (Former Residence of Yang Yitai), Kuiwen Pagoda and Wugui Pagoda, Shangrao Concentration Camp Site, Maojialing Martyrs' Cemetery, Mount Lingshan, Yunbifeng National Forest Park, Mount Wufu
• Yushan County: Mount Sanqing (World Natural Heritage)
• Yanshan County: Ehu Academy, Hekou Ancient Town, Mount Gexian, Mount Huanggang
• Yiyang County: Guifeng (World Natural Heritage)
• Wuyuan County: Qinghua Rainbow Bridge, Likeng Village, Jiangwan Village, Zhifeng Village, Wangkou Village, Hongguan Village, Yancun Village, etc.
• Poyang County: Poyang Lake Wetland Park, Raozhou Prefecture Confucian Temple, Poyang Tower
• Guangfeng District: Mount Tongbo, Mount Jiuxian and Jiuxian Lake
• Dexing City: Mount Damao
• Wannian County: Xianren Cave, Diaotonghuan Site

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Xinzhou District

Poyang County

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Camphor tree

Three Pure Azaleas, Camellia