Honghe Hani And Yi Autonomous Prefecture (红河哈尼族彝族自治州)

1. Introduction

Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (Hani: Haoqhoq Haqniqssaq Haqhholssaq Ziiqziifzel, Yi: ꉼꉸꉳꆃꁈꆃꁈꊨꏦꍓ, Latin transliteration: Hop Huop Ha Niep Po Niep Zyt Jie Zhe), abbreviated as Honghe Prefecture, is an autonomous prefecture under Yunnan Province of the People's Republic of China. It is located in the southern part of Yunnan Province, with its prefectural capital in Mengzi City. The prefecture is named after the Honghe River (Yuanjiang River) that flows through its territory. To the west, it borders Pu'er City; to the north, it connects with Yuxi City and Kunming City; to the northeast, it neighbors Qujing City; to the east, it adjoins Wenshan Prefecture; and to the south, it shares a border with Vietnam. Bounded by the Yuanjiang River, the area north of Honghe Prefecture lies within the central Yunnan plateau, characterized by relatively gentle terrain, while the area to the south belongs to the Hengduan Mountains and the Ailao Mountain canyon region. Rivers such as the Honghe, Nanpanjiang, Dianxi, Tengtiaojiang, and Lixianjiang flow through the prefecture. Within the prefecture lies Yilong Lake, one of the nine major plateau lakes in Yunnan. The total area of the prefecture is 32,174 square kilometers, with a total population of 4.4784 million in 2020. The Han, Hani, and Yi ethnic groups account for approximately 43%, 17%, and 23% of the population, respectively. The Honghe Hani Rice Terraces, representative of the Yunnan Hani Rice Terraces, were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2013.

2. Origin of the Name

The name "Red River" of the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture originates from its geographical environment and historical background. According to historical records, the name "Red River" can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty, due to its strategic geographical location, the Red River region became an important military stronghold and economic center. The name "Red River" is composed of the two characters "red" and "river," symbolizing the "red river."

3. History

In the sixth year of the Yuanding era of the Western Han Dynasty (111 BC), the Zangke Commandery was established; the Loujiang County (located in present-day Luxi County) was also established and belonged to the Zangke Commandery. In the second year of the Yuanfeng era (109 BC), the Yizhou Commandery was established; the Bingu County (governed southeast of present-day Mengzi City) was also established and belonged to the Yizhou Commandery. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Yongchang Commandery was established by dividing the western part of the Yizhou Commandery. During the Shu Han period of the Three Kingdoms, the Yizhou Commandery was renamed Jianning Commandery, and the Xinggu Commandery was also established. In the sixth year of the Taishi era of the Western Jin Dynasty (270 AD), the Ningzhou was established by dividing the four commanderies of Jianning, Xinggu, Yunnan, and Yongchang from Yizhou. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the area was divided among the Xinggu, Liangshui, and Jianing commanderies. Later, the region came under the control of the Cuan clan, with the southern part belonging to the Pu tribes. In the first year of the Tiaolu era of the Tang Dynasty (679 AD), the Annan Protectorate was established. During the Nanzhao period, the southern part belonged to the Tonghai Dudufu, while the northern part belonged to the Tuodong Jiedushi. During the Dali Kingdom, the Xiushan Commandery, Shicheng Commandery, and Zuining Fu were established within the territory.

In the seventh year of the Yuan Xianzong era (1257 AD), the Muze Qianhu (present-day Mengzi City) was established. In the seventh year of the Zhiyuan era of the Yuan Dynasty (1270 AD), the Shiping Zhou (present-day Shiping County) was established. In the twelfth year of the Zhiyuan era (1275 AD), the Mile Qianhu (present-day Mile City) was established. In the thirteenth year of the Zhiyuan era (1276 AD), the Guangxi Lu (present-day Luxi County) was established in the Milu tribe, along with the Lin'an Lu and Heni Lu, all under the jurisdiction of the Yunnan Xingzhongshusheng; the Muze Qianhu was renamed Mengzi County and placed under Lin'an Lu; the Jianshui Zhou (present-day Jianshui County) was established in the Abo tribe and placed under Lin'an Lu. In the twenty-seventh year of the Zhiyuan era, the Mile Qianhu was renamed Mile Zhou and placed under Guangxi Lu.

In the fifteenth year of the Hongwu era of the Ming Dynasty (1382 AD), the Lin'an Fu, Guangxi Fu, and Yuanjiang Fu were established; the Ami Zhou (present-day Kaiyuan City) was established and placed under Lin'an Fu; the Shiping Zhou was renamed Shiping Zhou and placed under Lin'an Fu. In the second year of the Yongli era of the Southern Ming Dynasty (1648 AD), Ami Zhou was renamed Kaiyuan Zhou, and Mengzi County was renamed Lexin County. The Qing Dynasty restored their original names.

The Qing Dynasty followed the Ming system and retained the Lin'an Fu. In the thirty-fifth year of the Qianlong era (1770 AD), Guangxi Fu was renamed Guangxi Zhili Zhou, and Mile Zhou was renamed Mile County and placed under Guangxi Zhili Zhou; Jianshui Zhou was renamed Jianshui County and became the seat of Lin'an Fu. In the ninth year of the Guangxu era (1883 AD), the Gejiu Merchants Bureau was established in Gejiu Li, Mengzi County. In the eleventh year of the Guangxu era (1885 AD), the Tongzhi of Shuangshuitang in Lin'an Fu moved to Gejiu and established the Gejiu Ting, specializing in mining affairs and tax collection, under the jurisdiction of Mengzi County. In the thirteenth year of the Guangxu era (1887 AD), Mengzi County was opened as a trading port, and the Mengzi Customs was established. In the fourteenth year of the Guangxu era (1888 AD), the Lin'an Kaiguang Dao was established, with its seat in Mengzi County, governing the three prefectures of Lin'an, Kaihua, and Guangnan. In the twenty-third year of the Guangxu era (1897 AD), the Hekou Deputy Supervision District (present-day Hekou County) was established and placed under the Lin Kaiguang Dao.

In the second year of the Republic of China (1913 AD), the Jingbian Administrative District (present-day Pingbian County) was established; in the same year, prefectures, subprefectures, and departments were abolished and replaced by counties. Counties such as Jianshui, Lin'an, Mengzi, Shiping, Ami, Gejiu, Guangxi, and Mile were placed under the Lin Kaiguang Dao, which was renamed Mengzi Dao the following year. In 1914, Lin'an County was renamed Jianshui County due to a naming conflict with Lin'an County in Zhejiang Province; the Hekou Deputy Supervision District was renamed the Hekou Duiyun Supervision District. In 1917, the Jinhe Administrative District and the Mengding Administrative District were established. In 1922, the northern part of Jianshui County was separated to establish Quxi County (present-day Qujiang Town, Jianshui County). In 1927, the Mengzi Dao was abolished. In 1929, Guangxi County was renamed Luxi County. In 1931, Ami County was renamed Kaiyuan County. In 1932, the Jinhe and Mengding administrative districts were renamed Jinhe Administration Bureau and Pinghe Administration Bureau. In 1933, the Jingbian Administrative District was renamed Pingbian County. In 1934, the northern part of Shiping County was separated to establish the Longwu Administration Bureau (present-day Longwu Town, Shiping County). In 1936, the Jinhe and Pinghe administration bureaus were merged to establish Jinping County. In the thirty-first year of the Republic of China (1942 AD), the Third Yunnan Provincial Administrative Supervision District was established, with its seat in Jianshui County, governing counties such as Jianshui, Mengzi, Gejiu, Shiping, Yuanjiang, Quxi, and Jinping, as well as the Longwu Administration Bureau. In the thirty-fifth year of the Republic of China (1946 AD), except for the Longwu Administration Bureau, which belonged to the Sixth District, all other counties were placed under the Fifth Administrative Supervision District.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, in 1950, the Hekou Duiyun Supervision District was renamed Hekou City; Honghe County was established by separating parts of Yuanjiang, Shiping, and Jianshui counties; Xinmin County (governed in present-day Xinjie Town, Yuanyang County) was established by separating parts of Jianshui, Mengzi, and Gejiu counties; the Longwu Administration Bureau was renamed Longwu County. In the same year, the Mengzi Special District was established, governing 12 counties and one city: Mengzi, Gejiu, Kaiyuan, Jianshui, Quxi, Shiping, Jinping, Pingbian, Yuanjiang, Longwu, Xinmin, and Honghe, as well as Hekou City, with the special district office located in Mengzi County. In 1951, Xinmin County was renamed Yuanyang County; Gejiu County was abolished and replaced by Gejiu City, directly under provincial jurisdiction; Honghe County was renamed the Aini Autonomous Region of Honghe County. In 1953, the Honghe Hani Autonomous Region was established, with its capital in Yuanyang County, governing Yuanjiang, Jinping, and Honghe counties. In 1954, the Mile Yi Autonomous County of Yiliang Special District was transferred to Mengzi Special District; Yuanjiang County was transferred to Yuxi Special District. In 1955, Hekou City was abolished and replaced by Hekou County; Mile County was renamed the Mile Yi Autonomous County; the Liucun Office (located in present-day Daxing Town, Lvchun County) was established by separating parts of Honghe, Yuanyang, Mojiang, and Jinping counties. On September 6, 1957, it was approved to merge the Mengzi Special District and the Honghe Hani Autonomous Region to establish the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, with the prefectural government located in Mengzi County; it was officially established on November 18 of the same year.

In 1958, Gejiu City was placed under the leadership of Honghe Prefecture, and the prefectural capital was moved to Gejiu City; in the same year, Kaiyuan County was abolished and merged into Gejiu City and Wenshan County; Mengzi County was abolished and merged into Gejiu City; Luxi County (originally part of Qujing Special District) was abolished and merged into Mile County; the Liucun Office was abolished and replaced by Lvchun County. In 1960, Quxi County was abolished and merged into Jianshui County; Longwu County was abolished and merged into Shiping County; Pingbian County was abolished and merged into Hekou County; Kaiyuan and Mengzi counties were re-established and placed under the leadership of Gejiu City. In 1961, Kaiyuan and Mengzi counties were placed under the leadership of the autonomous prefecture. In 1962, Luxi County and Pingbian County were restored. In 1963, Pingbian County was renamed the Pingbian Miao Autonomous County; Hekou County was renamed the Hekou Yao Autonomous County. In January 1981, Kaiyuan County was abolished and replaced by Kaiyuan City. In June 1985, Jinping County was renamed the Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County. In January 2003, the seat of the Honghe Prefectural Government was moved from Gejiu City to Mengzi County. In September 2010, the Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China decided to abolish Mengzi County and establish Mengzi City; in March 2013, Mile County was abolished and replaced by Mile City.

4. Geography

The prefecture is divided into northern and southern parts by the Red River. North of the Red River lies the karst plateau and lake basin plateau, featuring basins such as Mengzi, Jianshui, Mile, and Shiping, with the Mengzi Basin being a famous large basin in southern Yunnan. South of the Red River is the Hengduan Mountains and Ailao Mountain canyon region, characterized by complex terrain. The northern part comprises seven counties and cities, while the southern part consists of six counties (commonly referred to as the "six southern counties"). All four county-level cities within the prefecture are located in the northern part.

4.1 Hydrology

The Nanpan River and its tributaries, such as the Dianxi River and the Lu River, flow through the northern part of the Honghe Prefecture. The river section above Xiaolongtan in Kaiyuan is relatively flat, while the area below Xiaolongtan features overlapping mountains and numerous canyons. The Red River and its tributaries, including the Tengtiao River, Lixian River, Nanxi River, and Xiaohedi River, flow through the southern part of the prefecture, running from northwest to southeast until they enter Vietnam at Hekou County. Within the prefecture, there are lakes such as Yilong Lake, Datun Lake, Changqiao Lake, and Sanjiao Lake, mainly distributed near the Tropic of Cancer, with relatively small total surface areas.

4.2 Climate

Most counties and cities in Honghe Prefecture, including Mengzi and Kaiyuan, experience a humid subtropical climate, with annual precipitation ranging from 730 mm to 800 mm. A small part of the northern region falls under a humid mid-subtropical climate. Counties and cities in the Red River valley, such as Yuanjiang and Hekou, have a northern tropical climate. Hekou, in particular, leans toward a hot and humid climate, with annual precipitation between 1,400 mm and 1,800 mm. In contrast, areas like Yuanjiang County are relatively dry and hot, with annual precipitation below 800 mm.

5. Administrative Divisions

Honghe Prefecture administers 4 county-level cities, 6 counties, and 3 autonomous counties.

County-level cities: Gejiu City, Kaiyuan City, Mengzi City, Mile City Counties: Jianshui County, Shiping County, Luxi County, Yuanyang County, Honghe County, Lüchun County Autonomous counties: Pingbian Miao Autonomous County, Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County, Hekou Yao Autonomous County

Administrative Divisions Map of Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture

| Division Code | Division Name | Hanyu Pinyin | Area (km²) | Resident Population (2020 Census) | Seat of Government | Postal Code | Subdistricts | Towns | Townships | Ethnic Townships | |-------------------|---------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|----------------|---------------------------------------|------------------------|-----------------|------------------|-----------|---------------|----------------------| | 532500 | Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture | Hónghé Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìzhōu | 32,174 | 4,478,422 | Mengzi City | 661400 | 15 | 61 | 62 | 5 | | 532501 | Gejiu City | Gèjiù Shì | 1,557 | 419,314 | Jinhu Subdistrict | 661000 | 5 | 4 | 2 | | | 532502 | Kaiyuan City | Kāiyuǎn Shì | 1,940 | 323,031 | Lebaidao Subdistrict | 661600 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | | 532503 | Mengzi City | Méngzì Shì | 2,171 | 585,976 | Guanlan Subdistrict | 661100 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | | 532504 | Mile City | Mílè Shì | 3,913 | 538,083 | Miyang Subdistrict | 652300 | 3 | 9 | 2 | | | 532523 | Pingbian Miao Autonomous County | Píngbiān Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn | 1,844 | 129,448 | Yuping Town | 661200 | | 4 | 3 | | | 532524 | Jianshui County | Jiànshuǐ Xiàn | 3,782 | 534,205 | Lin'an Town | 654300 | | 8 | 6 | | | 532525 | Shiping County | Shípíng Xiàn | 3,042 | 271,951 | Yilong Town | 662200 | | 7 | 2 | | | 532527 | Luxi County | Lúxī Xiàn | 1,645 | 389,138 | Zhongshu Town | 652400 | | 5 | 3 | | | 532528 | Yuanyang County | Yuányáng Xiàn | 2,213 | 359,155 | Nansha Town | 662400 | | 3 | 11 | | | 532529 | Honghe County | Hónghé Xiàn | 2,028 | 284,607 | Yisa Town | 654400 | | 5 | 8 | | | 532530 | Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County | Jīnpíng Miáozú Yáozú Dǎizú Zìzhìxiàn | 3,615 | 331,377 | Jinhe Town | 661500 | | 4 | 9 | 1 | | 532531 | Lüchun County | Lǜchūn Xiàn | 3,093 | 210,166 | Daxing Town | 662500 | | 4 | 5 | | | 532532 | Hekou Yao Autonomous County | Hékǒu Yáozú Zìzhìxiàn | 1,329 | 101,971 | Hekou Town | 661300 | | 2 | 4 | 1 |

6. Economy

The regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Honghe Prefecture has consistently ranked third in Yunnan Province and first among China's 30 ethnic minority autonomous prefectures for many consecutive years. In 2021, the prefecture's regional GDP reached 274.212 billion yuan, representing a year-on-year increase of 9.1% calculated at comparable prices. Specifically, the value added of the primary industry was 37.089 billion yuan, up by 8.1%; the secondary industry added 111.859 billion yuan in value, growing by 9.1%; and the tertiary industry contributed 125.264 billion yuan in value added, an increase of 9.3%. The per capita GDP stood at 61,524 yuan. The total local fiscal revenue amounted to 33.220 billion yuan, a year-on-year growth of 6.2%. General public budget revenue reached 16.062 billion yuan, also up by 6.2%, of which tax revenue was 9.292 billion yuan, increasing by 9.2%, while non-tax revenue was 6.770 billion yuan, rising by 2.4%. General public budget expenditure was 50.510 billion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 5.1%.

6.1 Industries

As the birthplace of modern industry in Yunnan and an important industrial and energy base, Honghe Prefecture possesses solid traditional pillar industries such as non-ferrous metals, chemicals, and tobacco. It has established a comprehensive industrial system including thermal power, cement, chemicals, and papermaking. The prefecture's tin output accounts for over 95% of the provincial total, 70% of the national total, and more than 25% of the global total. Its copper production represents 50% of the provincial output and 11.2% of the national output. Aluminum output constitutes 17.8% of the provincial total, while lead output makes up 58.4% of the provincial total.

In recent years, with the industrial transformation and upgrading in Honghe Prefecture, emerging sectors such as electronic information manufacturing, new materials, modern plateau-specific agriculture, real estate, and tourism-culture have also become important pillar industries.

6.2 Foreign Trade

Located on the China-Vietnam border, Honghe Prefecture enjoys favorable geographical advantages for foreign trade. Within the prefecture, there are three national Class I ports: Hekou Highway Port, Hekou Railway Port, and Jinshuihe Port. Additionally, it hosts several national-level open platforms and industrial platforms, including the Honghe Area of the China (Yunnan) Pilot Free Trade Zone, the National-level Mengzi Economic and Technological Development Zone, and the Honghe Comprehensive Bonded Zone (the first of its kind in Yunnan Province).

6.3 North-South Disparity

There is a significant development gap between the northern and southern parts of Honghe Prefecture. The seven northern counties (cities) located on the Eastern Yunnan Plateau—Mengzi, Gejiu, Kaiyuan, Mile, Jianshui, Shiping, and Luxi—contribute approximately 80% of the prefecture's total GDP. In contrast, the six southern counties near the Vietnamese border—Honghe, Yuanyang, Lüchun, Jinping, Pingbian, and Hekou—form a contiguous area of extreme poverty characterized by border location, remoteness, ethnic minority populations, and deep poverty. As of 2021, the total impoverished population in these six southern counties was 551,600, accounting for 66.8% of the prefecture's poor population, with a poverty incidence rate 20.83 percentage points higher than the provincial average. In terms of urbanization rate, the seven northern counties (cities) reached 60.6%, while the six southern counties were only at 29.5%.

7. Transportation

7.1 Overview

Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture is located in the southeastern part of Yunnan Province and is a multi-ethnic area primarily inhabited by the Hani and Yi ethnic groups. Honghe boasts a well-developed transportation network, covering various modes such as highways, railways, and aviation, providing robust transportation support for the region's economic and social development.

7.2 Highways

Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture has a well-developed highway network, with major roads including:

• Expressways: Honghe is traversed by several expressways, such as the G80 Guangzhou-Kunming Expressway and the G8011 Kaiyuan-Hekou Expressway, connecting major cities like Kunming, Yuxi, and Wenshan.
• National and Provincial Highways: Honghe is served by multiple national and provincial highways, such as National Highway G326 and Provincial Highway S212, linking various counties and cities within the prefecture.

7.3 Railways

The railway network in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture is continuously improving, with major railways including:

• Kunming-Yuxi-Honghe Railway: This railway passes through Honghe, connecting Kunming, Yuxi, and Honghe Prefecture.
• Mengzi-Hekou Railway: This railway connects Mengzi City and Hekou County within Honghe.

7.4 Aviation

Aviation transportation in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture primarily relies on Honghe Mengzi Airport, located approximately 15 kilometers from downtown Mengzi, with a travel time of about 20 minutes by car. Honghe Mengzi Airport is one of the major aviation hubs in Yunnan Province, offering multiple domestic and international flight routes.

7.5 Urban Transportation

Urban transportation within Honghe Prefecture mainly consists of buses and taxis. Bus routes cover major areas of the cities, while taxis provide convenient and quick travel options. Additionally, urban rail transit is planned for Honghe Prefecture, which will further enhance urban transportation capacity in the future.

7.6 Transportation Policies

The government of Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture places great emphasis on transportation construction, actively promoting the improvement and upgrading of transportation infrastructure. By increasing transportation investment, optimizing the transportation network, and enhancing the quality of transportation services, the government continuously improves transportation capacity to foster economic and social development.

8. Education

8.1 Overview

Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture is located in the southeastern part of Yunnan Province and is a multi-ethnic region primarily inhabited by the Hani and Yi ethnic groups. Honghe has a well-established education system that covers all stages from preschool to higher education, providing strong talent support for the economic and social development of Honghe.

8.2 Preschool Education

Preschool education in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture has developed rapidly in recent years, with the main forms including:

• Kindergartens: Honghe has numerous public and private kindergartens that provide high-quality preschool education services for children of appropriate age.

8.3 Basic Education

The basic education system in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture is well-developed, primarily consisting of:

• Primary Schools: The enrollment rate in primary education in Honghe is high, and teaching quality continues to improve.
• Junior High Schools: Junior high school education in Honghe emphasizes the comprehensive development of students, with teaching quality steadily improving.
• Senior High Schools: Senior high school education in Honghe is oriented toward further education, and its teaching quality ranks among the top in the province.

8.4 Vocational Education

Vocational education in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture aims to cultivate practical talents, with the main forms including:

• Secondary Vocational Schools: Honghe has multiple secondary vocational schools offering various practical majors, such as tourism services, hotel management, and mechanical processing.
• Higher Vocational Colleges: Higher vocational colleges in Honghe focus on cultivating high-quality technical and skilled talents, offering a variety of applied majors.

8.5 Higher Education

Higher education in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture has developed rapidly in recent years, with the main forms including:

• Undergraduate Institutions: Honghe has several undergraduate institutions, such as Honghe University, providing a large number of high-quality talents for the economic and social development of Honghe.
• Specialized Colleges: Specialized colleges in Honghe aim to cultivate applied talents and offer various practical majors.

8.6 Education Policies

The government of Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture places great emphasis on education and actively promotes educational reform and development. By increasing investment in education, improving educational facilities, and enhancing teacher benefits, the government continuously improves the quality of education and promotes educational equity in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture.

9. Population

According to the Seventh National Population Census in 2020, the permanent resident population of the entire prefecture was 4,478,422. Compared with the 4,500,896 people from the Sixth National Population Census, there was a decrease of 22,474 people over the ten years, a decline of 0.5%, with an average annual growth rate of -0.05%. Among them, males accounted for 2,320,257 persons, representing 51.81% of the total population; females accounted for 2,158,165 persons, representing 48.19% of the total population. The overall sex ratio (with females as 100) was 107.51. The population aged 0–14 was 940,831 persons, accounting for 21.01% of the total population; the population aged 15–59 was 2,868,988 persons, accounting for 64.06% of the total population; the population aged 60 and above was 668,603 persons, accounting for 14.93% of the total population, of which those aged 65 and above numbered 477,679 persons, accounting for 10.67% of the total population. The urban population was 2,136,297 persons, accounting for 47.7% of the total population; the rural population was 2,342,125 persons, accounting for 52.3% of the total population.

9.1. Ethnic Groups

Honghe Prefecture is home to numerous ethnic groups, with 11 indigenous ethnicities: Han, Hani, Yi, Miao, Dai, Zhuang, Yao, Hui, Bouyei, Blang, and Lahu. As of the end of 2022, among the registered population of 4.7028 million in Honghe Prefecture, the Han population was 1.7986 million, while the ethnic minority population was 2.9042 million, accounting for 61.8% of the total population. This includes: Hani (906,000), Yi (1.1729 million), Zhuang (120,200), Dai (123,600), Miao (369,500), Hui (77,800), Lahu (13,700), Yao (101,900), Blang (1,000), and Bouyei (4,100).

In 2020, among the permanent resident population of the entire prefecture, the Han population was 1,926,229, accounting for 43.01%; the total ethnic minority population was 2,552,193, accounting for 56.99%. Compared with the Sixth National Population Census in 2010, the Han population decreased by 2,372, a decline of 0.12%, but its proportion of the total population increased by 0.16 percentage points; the total ethnic minority population decreased by 20,102, a decline of 0.78%, and its proportion of the total population decreased by 0.16 percentage points. Among them, the Hani population decreased by 8,801, a decline of 1.11%, and its proportion of the total population decreased by 0.11 percentage points; the Yi population decreased by 7,498, a decline of 0.72%, and its proportion of the total population decreased by 0.05 percentage points.

Ethnic Composition of Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (2020 Seventh National Population Census) | Ethnic Group | Han | Yi | Hani | Miao | Zhuang | Dai | Yao | Hui | Lahu | Bai | Other Ethnic Groups | |----------------------|--------------|--------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|------------|------------|------------|-----------|-------------------------| | Population | 1,926,229 | 1,036,101 | 780,901 | 315,154 | 112,216 | 107,158 | 90,453 | 74,492 | 12,470 | 6,842 | 16,406 | | % of Total Population| 43.01 | 23.14 | 17.44 | 7.04 | 2.51 | 2.39 | 2.02 | 1.66 | 0.28 | 0.15 | 0.37 | | % of Ethnic Minority Population | － | 40.6 | 30.6 | 12.35 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 3.54 | 2.92 | 0.49 | 0.27 | 0.64 |

nix

10. Culture

10.1 National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units

Nalou Chieftain's Office Jianshui Confucian Temple Main Hall of Zhilin Temple Chaoyang Tower Shuanglong Bridge Wujiazhai Railway Bridge Mengzi Customs Site Jijie Railway Station Qihe Tower Chen Family Ancestral Hall Laihe Pavilion Zheng Family Ancestral Hall Jianshui Zhu Family Garden Tuanshan Residential Building Complex Shiping Confucian Temple Architectural Complex Honghe County East Gate Tower and Yisa Dwellings Xiong Qinglai's Former Residence Bisezhai Railway Station Baofenglong Trading Company Zhou Family Courtyard Honghe Hani Rice Terraces Three Buddha Hall of Wanhou Temple in Luxi Jianshui Tuzhu Temple Mengzi Jade Emperor Pavilion Jianshui Jade Emperor Pavilion and Chongwen Pagoda Xin'ansuo Ancient Architectural Complex Huilan Bridge Pavilion Jianshui Imperial Examination Shed Kaiyuan Power Plant Site Kaiyuan Changhong Bridge

10.2 National Intangible Cultural Heritage

Four Seasons Production Tune Hani Polyphonic Folk Songs Yi Ethnic Haicaicheng (Seaweed Tune) Yi Ethnic Yanhe Dance (Tobacco Box Dance) Hani Haba Lezuo Dance Axi Yueyue (Yi Ethnic Sanxian Dance) Jianshui Purple Pottery Firing Technique Sacrifice to the Village God Forest Axi Xianji Manggu Dance Wutong Zouyin (Copper Inlay with Silver) Craftsmanship Mengzi Cross-Bridge Rice Noodle Making Technique Miao Ethnic Huashan Festival

10.3 Local Specialties

Honghe Dengzhan Flower: China Geographical Indication Product Mengzi Pomegranate: China Geographical Indication Product Mengzi Cross-Bridge Rice Noodles Mengzi New Year Cake Mengzi Loquat Shiping Tofu Jianshui Lion Cake

nix

nix

nix

nix

nix

Mengzi City

Mengzi City

nix

nix

nix