Fushun (抚顺)

1. Introduction

Fushun City, abbreviated as Fu, is a prefecture-level city under the jurisdiction of Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China. It is recognized by the State Council as a "larger city" and is located in the eastern part of Liaoning Province. The city borders Benxi City to the south, Shenyang City to the west, Tieling City and Liaoyuan City of Jilin Province to the north, and Tonghua City of Jilin Province to the east. Situated in the southern section of the Changbai Mountains and on the eastern edge of the Liaohe Plain, its northeastern part lies within the Jilin Hada Ridge. The Hun River originates in the eastern part of the city, flows westward across it, and converges with the Suzi River in the central area. The Taizi River originates in the southern part of the city. The People's Government of Fushun City is located at No. 21, East Section of Linjiang Road, Shuncheng District. Fushun is the city closest to the provincial capital, Shenyang. In the early years of the People's Republic of China, it was known as the "Coal Capital." Today, Fushun has developed into a comprehensive heavy industrial city with a relatively complete range of industries and substantial strength, primarily focused on energy and raw materials. Its industrial pillars include coal, petroleum, chemicals, metallurgy, machinery, electronics, light industry, textiles, and building materials, supported by large and medium-sized enterprises, giving it an important position in China.

On February 5, 2015, a joint review working group composed of experts and scholars from the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China and the Liaoning Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development reviewed the "Outline of the Fushun City Master Plan (2013–2020)." In his speech at the review meeting, then Mayor Luan Qingwei defined Fushun's urban character as a national industrial base led by petrochemicals and equipment manufacturing, and a cultural tourism city distinguished by its landscape ecology and industrial heritage.

2. Origin of the Name

The name of Fushun City carries the meaning of "pacifying the frontier and guiding the indigenous people." During the Qing Dynasty and the Manchukuo period, it was also known as Fuxi (Manchu: fusi hecen). In the early 1960s, at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, it was informally renamed Leifeng City. Other nicknames for Fushun City include the Coal Capital, Manchu Homeland, Leifeng City, and the Land of Rising Fortune.

3. History

3.1 Prehistoric Era

Fushun boasts a long and profound history. As early as the middle Neolithic period over 7,000 years ago, ancient inhabitants lived, labored, and thrived in the Fushun area, where they discovered coal and amber. According to historical records, the area where these ancestors resided, now the West Open-pit Mining Area in Dongzhou District of Fushun, was the first ancient village in Fushun.

3.2 Shang Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty

During the Shang, Zhou, and Spring and Autumn periods, the descendants of these early inhabitants grew in number. Some settled in the area around the former Fushun City Tractor Parts Factory, while others migrated to present-day Lotus Island in the Dahuofang Reservoir area. They were capable of producing cooking vessels like the li tripod from the Shang Dynasty, which demonstrates the close cultural ties between Fushun and the Han culture of the Central Plains along the Yellow River.

During the Warring States period, as China transitioned from a slave society to a feudal society, various feudal states engaged in annexation, leading to the rivalry of the seven major states: Qin, Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Wei, and Han. The State of Yan controlled the regions of Hebei and Liaoning. The Fushun area belonged to the Liaodong Commandery of Yan, with its administrative seat at Xiangping (present-day Liaoyang).

After Qin Shi Huang unified the six states in 221 BC, he divided the country into 36 commanderies. The Fushun area remained part of the Liaodong Commandery.

In 206 BC, the Qin Dynasty fell, and Liu Bang rose to establish the Han Dynasty, historically known as the Western Han. In the early Han period, following the Qin system, the Liaodong Commandery was maintained in the Liaodong region. The western part of present-day Fushun belonged to Houcheng County of the Liaodong Commandery, while the northern part belonged to Gaoxian County of the same commandery.

In 108 BC, after Emperor Wu of Han conquered Wiman Joseon, he established four commanderies there: Lelang, Xuantu, Zhenfan, and Lintun. The Xuantu Commandery was initially established at Woju City (near present-day Hamgyong in North Korea). Due to invasions by the Yemaek people, the administrative seat of Xuantu Commandery was relocated westward twice. The first relocation in 82 BC moved it near present-day Yongling Town in Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County, and finally in 112 AD, it was moved near present-day Labor Park in Xinfu District. After the Xuantu Commandery seat moved into Fushun territory, Houcheng County was placed under its jurisdiction, and the Fushun area naturally became part of Houcheng County, Xuantu Commandery. After the late Eastern Han Dynasty, local powers grew significantly, and the Fushun area fell under Houcheng County, Xuantu Commandery, within the separatist regime of the Gongsun family. In 239 AD, the Gongsun separatist regime was destroyed by Cao Wei, after which the Fushun area remained under the Xuantu Commandery.

In 265 AD, Sima Yan, son of Sima Zhao, deposed the Wei emperor and declared himself emperor, establishing the Jin Dynasty with its capital at Luoyang, historically known as the Western Jin. At this time, the Fushun area still belonged to the Xuantu Commandery (Houcheng County was abolished).

During the Western Jin period, the Buyeo people, a minority ethnic group living in the Songhua River area of Northeast China, rose to establish the Goguryeo Kingdom. Goguryeo recruited soldiers and expanded its forces, gradually growing stronger and advancing westward. It also relocated 3,000 people to Fushun and built a fortress on Ga'er Mountain as a military stronghold to defend against attacks from the Central Plains regimes. This fortress was historically known as the "New City."

In 618 AD, Li Yuan declared himself emperor in Chang'an, establishing the Tang Dynasty. To govern the Fushun area, the Andong Protectorate was established. By this time, Fushun had become one of the political, military, and economic centers of the Liaodong region.

In 698 AD, another minority regime emerged in the Liaodong region—the Balhae Kingdom. Its territory expanded continuously, with present-day Qingyuan and Xinbin counties marking its western boundary. Meanwhile, present-day Fushun city proper and the central and western parts of Fushun County remained under the jurisdiction of the New City Prefecture of the Tang Andong Protectorate.

In the early 10th century, the ancient Khitan people rose in the Huangshui River basin of the upper Liao River. In 916 AD, the Khitan leader Yelü Abaoji ascended the throne at Jinlinggang east of Longhua Prefecture, founding the Khitan state. In 938 AD (some sources say 947 AD), the state was renamed the "Great Liao." In 926 AD, the Khitan conquered Balhae and established the Dongdan Kingdom in its place. The Dongdan Kingdom ordered Balhae and Han people to build Guide Prefecture City at the southern foot of Ga'er Mountain, and Guide Prefecture governed the Fushun area. Guide Prefecture administered two counties: Guide and Fengde. The prefecture was named after the Guide River (present-day Hun River).

Subsequently, the Jurchen noble Wanyan Aguda grew increasingly powerful and declared himself emperor in 1115, founding the "Great Jin" state. In 1125 AD, the Jin decisively defeated the Liao army and conquered the Liao state. The Jin established five capitals and 19 circuits to govern various regions. The administrative seat of the Eastern Capital Circuit was in present-day Liaoyang, and Fushun's Guide Prefecture fell under its jurisdiction.

In 1206 AD, the Mongol leader Temüjin was elected as the Great Khan, revered as Genghis Khan, and established the Mongol Empire. In 1271 AD, Kublai Khan, the Yuan founder, named the state the "Great Yuan," established the capital at Yanjing, and renamed it Dadu (present-day Beijing). In the early Yuan period, Guide Prefecture was abolished and replaced by the Guide Patrol Office under Shenyang Circuit, with its administrative seat in Fushun.

3.3 Early Ming to Later Jin

In 1368 AD (the first year of the Hongwu era of the Ming Dynasty), Zhu Yuanzhang declared himself emperor in Yingtian Prefecture (present-day Nanjing), establishing the Ming Dynasty. Facing the situation in Liaodong, he dispatched troops and generals to defeat remnants of the Yuan forces, such as Naghachu, and pacified Liaodong. Subsequently, 18 cities were built. In 1384 AD (the 17th year of the Hongwu era), Fushun City was constructed. According to the Complete Records of Liaodong: "Fushun City is located 80 li east of the city (referring to Shenyang), originally Guide territory. Founded in the 17th year of Hongwu, its perimeter is 2 li and 376 zhang, with a moat 1 zhang deep and 2 zhang wide. It has one gate, named Ying'en." This city is referred to as the "Ming Dynasty Fushun City," marking the origin of the name "Fushun," meaning "to pacify the frontier and guide the indigenous people." In 1388 AD (the 21st year of the Hongwu era), a thousand-household garrison was established in Fushun, subordinate to the Shenyang Central Guard of the Liaodong Regional Military Commission.

During the Zhengtong era of the Ming Dynasty, the Jianzhou Jurchens (predecessors of the Manchus) migrated and settled in the Suzi River basin, with Xinbin becoming the birthplace of the Jianzhou Jurchens' rise. Later, Nurhaci waged campaigns north and south, unifying the Jianzhou Guard. In 1616 AD (the 44th year of the Wanli era of the Ming Dynasty), he declared himself Khan in Hetu Ala City (present-day Laocheng Village, Yongling Town, Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County), founding the state of "Great Jin," historically known as the Later Jin. In 1618 AD (the 46th year of the Wanli era), Nurhaci proclaimed the "Seven Grievances" to heaven and swore to wage war against the Ming. The Ming garrison commander of Fushun City, Li Yongfang, seeing the enemy's overwhelming forces, surrendered without resistance. Nurhaci easily captured Fushun, rested his troops for three days, and took tens of thousands of captives. To prevent the Ming army from retaking the city, he destroyed the 235-year-old Fushun City upon withdrawal.

The loss of Fushun City shocked the Ming court. In 1619 AD (the 47th year of the Wanli era), they dispatched Yang Hao with over 100,000 troops (claimed to be 400,000) divided into four routes, advancing directly toward the Later Jin capital, Hetu Ala. At this time, Nurhaci led 60,000 troops, adopting the strategy of "no matter how many routes you come from, I will go only one way," concentrating his forces to defeat the enemy piecemeal. After five days of the Battle of Sarhū, the Ming army was defeated. Subsequently, the Later Jin army seized the momentum to capture many Ming cities, gaining the initiative on the battlefield.

In 1636 AD (the 9th year of the Chongzhen era of the Ming Dynasty), Huang Taiji, son of Nurhaci, declared himself emperor and renamed the state the "Great Qing." In 1644 AD (the 17th year of the Chongzhen era), Li Zicheng led peasant rebels to capture Beijing, leading to the fall of the Ming Dynasty. Soon after, Qing forces entered the Shanhai Pass, defeated Li Zicheng, and in October of the same year, established their capital in Beijing. The Qing court stationed troops to guard Fushun.

3.4 Qing Dynasty

In 1657 AD (the 14th year of the Shunzhi era of the Qing Dynasty), the Qing court established Chengde County as the leading county of Fengtian Prefecture, governing present-day Shenyang and Fushun areas, with its county seat in present-day Shenyang city proper. In 1778 AD (the 43rd year of the Qianlong era), to commemorate the founding achievements of Emperor Taizu, the Qing court decided to allocate funds to rebuild Fushun City, known as the "Qing Dynasty Fushun City." This city was located 500 meters south of the Ming Dynasty Fushun City, with a perimeter of three li. It had three gates: east, south, and north. The ruins of this city were not completely demolished until 1950 for road expansion.

In 1902 AD (the 28th year of the Guangxu era), the Qing court carved out the eastern part of Chengde County to establish Xingren County. Chengde and Xingren counties shared the same administrative city, both located within Shenyang city. Fushun belonged to Xingren County.

In 1905 AD (the 31st year of the Guangxu era), after the Russo-Japanese War, Japan replaced Tsarist Russia in Fushun, seized control of the Fushun coal mines, and aggressively expanded the "South Manchuria Railway Company" concessions in Fushun, exercising administrative, judicial, taxation, and police privileges there.

In 1908 AD (the 34th year of the Guangxu era), the administrative seat of Xingren County was moved from within Shenyang city to Fushun City. In the same year, Xingren County was renamed Fushun County. This marked the beginning of the Fushun area being officially named and established as an administrative unit.

3.5 Republic of China to Contemporary Era

In January 1912, the Xinhai Revolution overthrew the Qing Dynasty, ending over two millennia of monarchical rule in China. Sun Yat-sen assumed the position of Provisional President in Nanjing, formally proclaiming the establishment of the Republic of China. At that time, Fengtian Province was established in Shenyang, with Fushun under its jurisdiction. After 1928, Fengtian Province was renamed Liaoning Province, and Fushun County was placed under its administration as a second-class county.

Due to extensive coal mining, Fushun's landscape began to change. In 1915, the county seat of Fushun County was relocated from Fushun City on the north bank of the Hun River to Qianjinzhai on the south bank. Qianjinzhai became an important town in Northeast China and the political, economic, and cultural center of the Fushun area. On September 18, 1931, Japanese imperialism launched the Mukden Incident, occupying Fushun the following day. After the establishment of Manchukuo in 1932, Liaoning Province was renamed Fengtian Province, and the Fushun County Government became the County Office. To expand coal mining, the Japanese invaders decided in 1935 to relocate all residents, institutions, schools, and shops from Qianjinzhai to New Fushun. The Fushun County Office moved from Qianjinzhai to the present-day site of Fushun No. 3 Middle School. Qianjinzhai was later engulfed by the expanding West Open-pit Mine.

In 1937, the Manchukuo government decided to establish a city, founding Fushun City based on the area south of the Hun River in present-day Fushun city proper. The Fushun City Office was established, with its seat at the present-day location of the Xinfu District People's Government. This marked the first time Fushun was established as a city.In September 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and liberated Fushun. In October, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) took over Fushun, but the Mining Bureau, coal mines, and local industries were taken over by the Soviet army. Shortly afterward, the Northeast Bureau of the CCP Central Committee decided to formally establish the Fushun Municipal Government. In March 1946, following the Zhang Xinfu incident, the Soviet army agreed to allow the Nationalist Government to take over the Mining Bureau and coal mines. The CCP was forced to withdraw from Fushun, and the Nationalist army occupied the city, establishing the Fushun Municipal Government and Fushun County Government, both still under the jurisdiction of Liaoning Province.

On October 31, 1948, the Northeast Field Army of the CCP recaptured Fushun. In November of the same year, the Andong Provincial Government decided to establish the Fushun Municipal Government and Fushun County Government, both placed under the leadership of Andong Province.

In April 1949, Fushun was designated as a municipality directly under the central government, directly led by the Northeast Administrative Committee. On September 11, the Fushun Municipal Government was renamed the Fushun Municipal People's Government.

On March 12, 1953, the Central People's Government decided that Fushun would be a municipality directly under the central government, with the Northeast Administrative Committee representing the Central People's Government in leadership and supervision. On July 8, 1954, the central government abolished the administrative divisions of Liaodong and Liaoxi provinces, merging them into Liaoning Province. From then on, Fushun was changed from a municipality directly under the central government to a city under the jurisdiction of Liaoning Province, led by the Liaoning Provincial Government.

4. Geography

4.1 Location

Fushun City is located in the northeastern part of Liaoning Province. It lies between 123° 39′ 42" – 125° 28′ 58" east longitude and 41° 41′ 10" – 42° 38′ 32" north latitude. To the east, it borders Dongfeng County of Liaoyuan City, and Liuhe County, Tonghua County, and Meihekou City of Tonghua City in Jilin Province. To the south, it borders Benxi Manchu Autonomous County and Huanren Manchu Autonomous County of Benxi City, Liaoning Province. To the west, it borders Shenbei New District, Hunnan District, and Sujiatun District of Shenyang City, the provincial capital of Liaoning. To the north, it borders Tieling County, Kaiyuan County, and Xifeng County of Tieling City, Liaoning Province. The city stretches 138 kilometers from north to south and 151 kilometers from east to west, with a total area of 11,272 square kilometers.

4.2 Topography and Landforms

Fushun City belongs to the Longgang Mountain Range of the Changbai Mountain system. A branch of the Changbai Mountains, the Jilin Hadaling Range, enters Fushun from the northeast and gradually descends into hills along the north bank of the Hun River towards the south. The Longgang Mountain Range enters Fushun from due east and extends southwest along the south bank of the Hun River near the source of the Taizi River and the north bank, gradually descending into hills. The terrain gradually lowers from west to east, starting from Gangshan Peak, known as the "Roof of Liaoning," with an elevation of 1,347 meters. The elevation in Lisht Town of the Shenfu New District is 66.3 meters. East of 124° 15′ east longitude is primarily moderately dissected mountainous terrain with elevations between 500 and 1,000 meters. West of 124° 15′ east longitude are shallowly dissected mountains and hills with elevations between 200 and 50 meters. On both banks of the Hun River in the western part of the urban area lies a small plain formed by the Liaohe Central New Fault Depression Zone, with elevations below 100 meters. The natural landform is predominantly low mountains and hills. For a long time, the topography of Fushun has been summarized as "eight parts mountains, one part water, and one part farmland."

4.3 Rivers

Fushun City has six major rivers: the Hun River, Taizi River, Qing River, Chai River, Fu'er River, and Huifa River (also known as Liu River), all of which are upstream segments.

The Hun River originates from Gunmaling in Wandianzi Town, Qingyuan Manchu Autonomous County, Fushun. It flows through Qingyuan, Xinbin, Fushun County, and the urban area, passes through Shenyang, converges with the Taizi River at Sanchahe, and finally empties into the Bohai Sea via Yingkou. Within Fushun, its basin area is 7,311 square kilometers, accounting for 64.7% of the city's total area, making it the largest river in the city. The upper reaches of the Hun River split into north and south branches near Douhutun: the south branch is the Hong River, and the north branch is the Ying'e River. After these two branches converge, it is called the Hun River. The Suzi River is a tributary of the Hun River, located within Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County. With a basin area of 2,088 square kilometers, it flows through Xinbin and Fushun counties before entering the Dahuofang Reservoir. The Dahuofang Reservoir is built on the main stream of the Hun River, with its dam located east of the urban area. It is a comprehensive large-scale water conservancy project primarily for flood control, irrigation, industrial and urban domestic water supply, and also serves purposes like power generation, aquaculture, and tourism.

The Taizi River originates from Hongshilazi in Pingdingshan Town, Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County. Its basin area within Fushun is 1,391 square kilometers. Except for a small portion within Fushun County, most of its basin is within Xinbin. It flows out of Fushun into Benxi City.

The Fu'er River is a tributary of the Hun River and belongs to the Yalu River system. Its basin area within Fushun is 986 square kilometers, entirely within Xinbin. The upper reaches of the Fu'er River form the boundary between Liaoning and Jilin provinces.

The Qing River and Chai River are tributaries of the Liao River and belong to the Yalu River system. Their basin areas within Fushun are 575 and 508 square kilometers, respectively, both located within Qingyuan. They flow out of Fushun into Kaiyuan County, Tieling City.

The Huifa River is a tributary of the Songhua River. Its basin area within Fushun is 541 square kilometers, located within Qingyuan. The river splits into two streams: one flows into the Hailong Reservoir in Jilin Province, and the other joins the Liu River downstream of the Hailong Reservoir.

The multi-year average river runoff in Fushun City is 3.232 billion cubic meters, with an annual runoff depth of 285.7 mm and an annual runoff coefficient of 0.365. The temporal and spatial distribution of runoff is relatively consistent with precipitation but uneven across the region. The runoff depth is greatest in the southern Taizi River basin and the eastern Fu'er River basin, and smallest in the northeastern Huifa River basin and the northern Qing River basin. The runoff depths in the central Hun River basin and Chai River basin are close to the city's average. The overall trend is a decrease from south to north. Runoff distribution within a year is extremely uneven. In winter, with scarce rain and snow and frozen ground, river runoff is mainly replenished by groundwater, resulting in the lowest flow, accounting for 5–6% of the annual runoff, making it the driest season. During the flood season from June to September, runoff accounts for about 70% of the annual total, with July and August alone accounting for about 50%. Runoff also varies significantly between years, with substantial differences between wet and dry seasons.

4.4 Soil

The soils in Fushun City can be classified into six main types:

1. Dark Brown Forest Soil: Mainly distributed on the upper parts of rocky mountains at elevations above 600–800 meters in Qingyuan and Xinbin counties, accounting for 6.34% of the total soil area. This type has no cultivated land and is mostly covered with secondary mixed forests or is barren mountain land.
2. Brown Forest Soil: This is the main zonal soil in Fushun City, accounting for 83.37% of the total soil area. It is distributed on low mountains, hills, and gently sloping plateaus in front of mountains. It is the primary soil type for the city's forest land, orchards, mulberry fields, and dry farmland crops.
3. Meadow Soil: Accounting for 5.25% of the total soil area, it is mainly distributed along riverbanks and on flat land in mountain valleys. Meadow soil is mostly cultivated and is the main soil type for grain production in the city.
4. Albic Soil: Accounting for 1.1% of the total soil area, it appears as isolated patches scattered on terraces or gentle slopes in eastern Qingyuan and Xinbin. Cultivated albic soil, due to its heavy texture, poor permeability, difficult tillage, and low content of available nutrients, is considered low-yielding soil.
5. Bog Soil: Accounting for 0.28% of the total soil area, it is mainly found in low-lying areas of mountain valleys. Bog soil is further divided into meadow bog soil and peat bog soil. The former is often reclaimed as ridge-field or platform-field farmland, requiring improvement as low-yielding land; the latter, except for a small portion reclaimed as paddy fields, platform fields, or fish ponds, remains largely undeveloped.
6. Paddy Soil: Accounting for 3.16% of the total soil area, this is a special soil formed through long-term artificial cultivation and water management on the basis of other soil types. It is mainly distributed on low-lying land along rivers, floodplains, foothills of hills, mountain valleys, and gently sloping plains.

4.5 Climate

Fushun City has a temperate monsoon climate characterized by hot, rainy summers and cold, dry winters, with windy conditions in spring and autumn. Among the four seasons, there is severe cold but no intense heat. The annual average temperature ranges from 4.0°C to 7.0°C. The frost-free period lasts 125 to 150 days. Annual precipitation is between 700 and 850 mm. The aridity index is around 0.75. Annual sunshine hours range from 2,255 to 2,517 hours. The total annual solar radiation is 119–128 kilocalories per square centimeter. The actual light energy utilization rate for various crops is about 1%.

Seasonal variations in precipitation are significant, with extremely uneven distribution throughout the year. Winter precipitation is low, accounting for only about 4% of the annual total. Summer is rainy, with precipitation from June to September making up about 70% of the annual total, of which July and August alone account for about 50%. Rainfall is often concentrated in one or two heavy precipitation events. Interannual variation in precipitation is also considerable, with wet and dry years alternating.

Precipitation distribution is uneven across Fushun. The southern Taizi River basin receives the most annual precipitation, between 800 and 900 mm. The northeastern Huifa River basin, the northern Qing River basin, and the lower reaches of the Hun River in the west receive the least, generally between 700 and 750 mm. Near Shujigou in Qingyuan Manchu Autonomous County within the Hun River basin, influenced by topography, there is a small area with annual precipitation exceeding 850 mm. The general trend is a decrease from east to west and from south to north. Fushun is one of the regions in Liaoning Province with relatively high precipitation.

Meteorological Data for Zhangdang Town, Fushun City (Average data from 1971 to 2000, Extreme data from 1951 to 2000)| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | |------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|------|------|------|------| | Record high °C (°F) | 8.0 (46.4) | 17.0 (62.6) | 20.3 (68.5) | 29.8 (85.6) | 34.2 (93.6) | 37.5 (99.5) | 37.7 (99.9) | 35.7 (96.3) | 32.5 (90.5) | 30.1 (86.2) | 22.0 (71.6) | 13.8 (56.8) | 37.7 (99.9) | | Average high °C (°F) | -5.4 (22.3) | -1.3 (29.7) | 6.3 (43.3) | 16.4 (61.5) | 22.8 (73.0) | 26.9 (80.4) | 28.8 (83.8) | 28.0 (82.4) | 23.4 (74.1) | 15.8 (60.4) | 5.5 (41.9) | -2.5 (27.5) | 13.7 (56.7) | | Daily mean °C (°F) | -13.4 (7.9) | -9.0 (16.0) | -0.2 (31.6) | 9.0 (48.2) | 15.7 (60.3) | 20.7 (69.3) | 23.6 (74.5) | 22.3 (72.1) | 15.7 (60.3) | 8.0 (46.4) | -1.3 (29.7) | -9.7 (14.5) | 6.8 (44.2) | | Average low °C (°F) | -20.1 (-4.2) | -15.6 (3.9) | -6.5 (20.3) | 1.8 (35.2) | 8.5 (47.3) | 14.7 (58.5) | 19.0 (66.2) | 17.5 (63.5) | 9.5 (49.1) | 1.5 (34.7) | -6.9 (19.6) | -15.7 (3.7) | 0.6 (33.2) | | Record low °C (°F) | -35.9 (-32.6) | -33.1 (-27.6) | -25.6 (-14.1) | -20.6 (-5.1) | -2.8 (27.0) | 4.5 (40.1) | 10.8 (51.4) | 3.8 (38.8) | -2.3 (27.9) | -12.6 (9.3) | -23.9 (-11.0) | -33.7 (-28.7) | -35.9 (-32.6) | | Average precipitation mm (inches) | 7.0 (0.28) | 7.6 (0.30) | 19.8 (0.78) | 41.9 (1.65) | 57.5 (2.26) | 118.7 (4.67) | 212.2 (8.35) | 176.0 (6.93) | 68.9 (2.71) | 46.1 (1.81) | 22.2 (0.87) | 11.6 (0.46) | 789.5 (31.07) | | Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 4.4 | 4.7 | 6.1 | 8.6 | 9.8 | 14.1 | 15.4 | 12.5 | 8.5 | 7.6 | 6.5 | 4.8 | 103 |

4.6 Mineral Resources

Fushun City is rich in mineral resources and was once nationally renowned as the "Coal Capital". The proven reserves of minerals such as copper, zinc, oil shale, peat, and niobium-tantalum rank first in Liaoning Province, while coal, coalbed methane, gold, silver, and iron sulfide hold significant positions within the province. Currently, 52 types of minerals have been discovered, accounting for 47.3% of the mineral types found in the province, with over 500 mineral occurrences. Among these, there are 3 large-scale deposits, 6 medium-scale deposits, and over 80 small-scale deposits within the region. Twenty-four mineral types have been developed, with 18 being advantageous minerals. The city's total proven mineral reserves amount to 6.004 billion tons, with retained reserves of 4.811 billion tons, constituting 17.7% of the province's retained reserves. A mining pattern has preliminarily taken shape, characterized by state-owned large enterprises: Fushun Mining Group focusing primarily on coal mining, Fushun Hongtoushan Copper Mine focusing on copper and zinc mining, Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County focusing on coal mining, Qingyuan Manchu Autonomous County focusing on gold and iron mining, and Fushun County focusing on iron and magnesite mining.

The characteristics of Fushun's mineral resources are: (1) Abundant reserves of energy minerals with superior geographical conditions and prominent advantages. Oil shale and coalbed methane have substantial reserves and promising prospects. (2) Rich copper and zinc resources with excellent metallogenic geological conditions. Basic geological research and decades of production exploration experience at the Hongtoushan Copper Mine indicate broad prospects for prospecting in the peripheries and at depth of old mines. (3) Numerous associated and co-occurring minerals offer great potential for comprehensive utilization. (4) Mineral resources are generally small in scale and widely distributed. However, mineral occurrences for cement limestone, oil shale, coal, and magnesite are relatively concentrated, featuring large deposit scales and shallow burial depths, making them suitable for mining development.

5. Administrative Divisions

Fushun City currently administers 4 municipal districts, 1 county, and 2 autonomous counties.

• Municipal Districts: Xinfu District, Dongzhou District, Wanghua District, Shuncheng District
• County: Fushun County
• Autonomous Counties: Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County, Qingyuan Manchu Autonomous County

In addition, Fushun City has established the Fushun Area of the Shenfu Reform and Innovation Demonstration Zone (also known as Fushun Economic Development Zone or Shenfu New City).

| Division Code | Division Name | Chinese Pinyin | Area (km²) | Resident Population (2020 Census) | Government Seat | Postal Code | Subdistricts | Towns | Townships | Ethnic Townships | |-------------------|-------------------|--------------------|----------------|---------------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------|------------------|-----------|---------------|----------------------| | 210400 | Fushun City | Fushun Shi | 11,271.03 | 1,861,372 | Shuncheng District | 113000 | 25 | 27 | 20 | 2 | | 210402 | Xinfu District| Xinfu Qu | 108.21 | 222,984 | Yongantai Subdistrict | 113000 | 6 | | 1 | | | 210403 | Dongzhou District| Dongzhou Qu | 596.92 | 236,731 | Dalian Subdistrict | 113000 | 7 | 2 | 2 | | | 210404 | Wanghua District| Wanghua Qu | 315.84 | 396,257 | Jianshe Subdistrict | 113000 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | 210411 | Shuncheng District| Shuncheng Qu | 347.44 | 466,126 | Changchun Subdistrict | 113000 | 5 | 1 | 2 | | | 210421 | Fushun County | Fushun Xian | 1,697.36 | 83,125 | Shiwen Town | 113100 | | 4 | 4 | 1 | | 210422 | Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County | Xinbin Manzu Zizhixian | 4,284.51 | 217,259 | Xinbin Town | 113200 | | 9 | 6 | | | 210423 | Qingyuan Manchu Autonomous County | Qingyuan Manzu Zizhixian | 3,920.75 | 238,890 | Qingyuan Town | 113300 | | 10 | 4 | |

6. Economy

Fushun Special Steel Co., Ltd. and Fushun Mining Group Co., Ltd. are both located in Fushun City.

6.1 Finance and Trade

Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, with the deepening of economic system reforms, various undertakings in finance and trade in Fushun City have achieved rapid development. The financial industry in Fushun City has formed a comprehensive financial system that spans both urban and rural areas, with the People's Bank of China as the leading bank, specialized banks as the main body, and insurance companies and various financial institutions coexisting and collaborating.

7. Transportation

Fushun's transportation system comprises three modes: railway, highway, and pipeline. Among these, railway serves as the primary mode for external transportation.

7.1 National Railway

The Shenyang-Jilin Line runs east-west along the northern bank of the Hun River, traversing the entire Fushun area. The Sujiatun-Fushun Line runs east-west along the southern bank of the Hun River, passes through the downtown Fushun Station, crosses the Hun River, and connects westward to the Jiangjun Station on the Shenyang-Jilin Line and eastward to the Fushuncheng Station on the Shenyang-Jilin Line. Within Fushun, Daguantun Station, Qiandian Station, and Piao'ertun Station are three major marshalling yards with significant handling capacity on the western lines. Daguantun Station, located in the central urban area, occupies a yard area of 23 hectares with 24 tracks totaling 19.3 kilometers in length. Its annual comprehensive transport capacity is 11.53 million tons, making it one of the nationally renowned freight marshalling yards, handling 75% of Fushun's outbound freight volume. Daguantun Station is also a national railway station connected to the city's electric railway. Qiandian Station is located on the Shenyang-Jilin Line along the northern bank of the Hun River in the urban area, currently with 13 station tracks and an annual comprehensive transport capacity of 3 million tons. Piao'ertun Station is situated on the Sujiatun-Fushun Line in the western part of the urban area, covering a yard area of 7.8 hectares with 7 existing station tracks and an annual comprehensive transport capacity of 570,000 tons.

7.2 Railway

Local railways are crucial for the development of the city's national economy. The city's local railway system has a relatively long history. In the early years after the founding of the People's Republic, there were only 214 kilometers of local railways. By 1992, the total length of local railways had reached 591 kilometers, an increase of nearly 2.8 times compared to the early post-liberation period. The system included 1,362 sets of sidings, 230 various locomotives, and 2,676 various vehicles, with an annual freight volume of 15 million tons, accounting for over 88% of the city's total transport volume. The annual passenger volume was 5,600 person-times, representing about 40% of the city's total passenger traffic.

Almost all central and provincial enterprises in Fushun City have dedicated railway lines or sidings. Most local enterprises and institutions, such as those in fuel, electromechanical, food, tobacco and alcohol, flour, grain, and other industries, regardless of size, also have their own dedicated lines, forming a relatively complete transport system.

The local railways in Fushun can be broadly divided into two main parts: one is the backbone line from Lishizhai and Ditai on the national railway to Qingyuan; the other is the local railway transport network centered around the Fushun Mining Bureau Transport Department. All 96 dedicated railway lines and sidings in the city connect to these two backbone lines, resulting in a rational layout and extensive connectivity.

7.3 Highway

Since the reform and opening-up, Fushun's highway transport sector has developed rapidly. By the end of 1992, the total highway mileage in the city reached 2,648 kilometers, including 1,803 kilometers of all-weather roads, 411 kilometers of asphalt pavement, and 68 kilometers of roads at or above Grade II standard, accounting for 2.6% of the total mileage. The highway density was 24.4 kilometers per square kilometer. Among the 1,096 villages in the region, 942 were accessible by highway, representing 85.9% of the total. Of the 67 townships in the city, 29 had access to asphalt roads, accounting for 43.3% of the total.

• National Highway 202 passes through the area. The Shenyang-Fushun Highway, connected to the Shenyang-Dalian and Heihe-Dalian Highways, along with five provincial highways, links Fushun to five surrounding cities and ten counties (districts), forming the "backbone" of Fushun's transportation. One hundred and nine county and township roads and ten dedicated highways are distributed throughout the region, creating a transportation network that internally connects Liaoning and extends externally across Northeast China, forming a crisscrossing and well-connected system. The Shenyang-Fushun Highway, the nation's first Grade I highway built in 1973, began gradual reconstruction in 1991 to become a main trunk road for the Shenyang bypass. The distance from Fushun's downtown South Station to Shenyang Taoxian Airport is only 47.2 kilometers. The Shinan Line (from Shijiagou in Shuncheng District to Nanzamu in Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County), a national Grade II highway completed in 1992, has become the transportation hub and economic artery of Fushun's eastern mountainous area. In 2018, the completion of the Central Liaoning Ring Expressway further facilitated residents' travel.

8. Education

8.1 Higher Education

8.1.1 Regular Institutions of Higher Education

• Liaoning Petrochemical University
• Shenyang Institute of Technology (formerly the restructured institution formed by the merger of Shenyang Ligong University Applied Technology College and Shenyang Agricultural University Science and Technology College)
• Fushun Vocational Technical College
• Fushun Teachers College

8.1.2 Adult Higher Education Institutions

• Fushun Radio and Television University
• Fushun Petrochemical Company Staff University
• Fushun Mining Bureau Staff Engineering College

8.2 Senior Secondary Education

Fushun currently has the following Liaoning Provincial Key Senior High Schools

• Fushun No. 1 Senior High School
• Fushun No. 2 Senior High School
• Fushun No. 6 Senior High School
• Fushun No. 10 Senior High School
• Fushun No. 12 Senior High School
• Fushun Decai Senior High School
• Fushun Sifang Senior High School
• Fushun County Senior High School
• Qingyuan County Senior High School
• Xinbin County Senior High School

9. Population

According to the 2010 Sixth National Population Census, the city's resident population was 2,138,090, a decrease of 5.41% compared to the 2000 Fifth National Population Census, with an average annual decline of 0.55%. Among them, males numbered 1,080,753, accounting for 50.55%; females numbered 1,057,337, accounting for 49.45%. The overall sex ratio (with females as 100) was 102.21. The population aged 0–14 was 203,159, accounting for 9.50% of the total population; the population aged 15–59 was 1,581,041, accounting for 73.95%; the population aged 60 and above was 353,890, accounting for 16.55%; and the population aged 65 and above was 241,225, accounting for 11.28%.

According to the 2020 Seventh National Population Census, the city's resident population was 1,861,372. Compared to the Sixth National Population Census, the population decreased by 276,718 over the ten-year period, a decline of 12.94%, with an average annual growth rate of -1.38%. Among them, the male population was 923,275, accounting for 49.6% of the total population; the female population was 938,097, accounting for 50.4%. The overall sex ratio (with females as 100) was 98.42. The population aged 0–14 was 167,959, accounting for 9.02% of the total population; the population aged 15–59 was 1,130,189, accounting for 60.72%; the population aged 60 and above was 563,224, accounting for 30.26%, of which the population aged 65 and above was 369,985, accounting for 19.88%. The urban population was 1,457,326, accounting for 78.29% of the total population; the rural population was 404,046, accounting for 21.71%.

9.1 Ethnic Groups

Besides the Han ethnic group, the main ethnic minorities in Fushun are the Manchu, Korean, and Hui ethnic groups. Additionally, there are Mongol, Tibetan, Uyghur, Miao, Yi, Zhuang, Bouyei, Dong, Yao, Bai, Tujia, Li, Lisu, She, Gaoshan, Naxi, Tu, Daur, Xibe, Russian, Evenki, Oroqen, and Hezhen ethnic groups, among others.

Among the resident population of the city (excluding the Shenfu New Area), the Han ethnic population is 1,240,483, accounting for 71.63%; the total ethnic minority population is 491,381, accounting for 28.37%.

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10. Sister Cities

• Changsha City, China
• Nantong City, China
• Quanzhou City, China (November 1986)
• Iwaki City, Japan (April 15, 1982)
• Yūbari City, Japan (April 19, 1982)
• Gladbeck City, Germany (August 31, 1988)
• Arad City, Romania (July 13, 1994)
• Lipa City, Philippines (April 28, 1995)
• Foster City, United States (November 10, 1995)
• Bucheon City, Republic of Korea (June 29, 2007)
• Kokkola City, Finland

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Pacifying the frontiers and guiding the foreign peoples

Shuncheng District Linjiang Road

Shuncheng District

Han Chinese account for 71.63%; ethnic minorities account for 28.37%.

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