Deyang (德阳)

1. Introduction

Deyang City is a prefecture-level city under the jurisdiction of Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China, located in the central part of Sichuan Province. The city borders Chengdu to the southwest, Ziyang and Suining to the southeast, Mianyang to the northeast, and the Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture to the northwest. Situated in the northwestern part of the Sichuan Basin, its northwestern region is part of the Longmen Mountains, the central and southern areas lie within the Chengdu Plain, and the eastern part belongs to the hilly region of central Sichuan. The Mianyuan River flows from northwest to southeast through the urban area, merging with the Shiting River and the Yazi River in the south, after which the downstream section is known as the Tuo River. In the southeastern part, there are tributaries of the Fu River such as the Kaijiang River and the Qijiang River. The city covers a total area of 5,911 square kilometers, with a population of 3.461 million. The municipal government is located in Jingyang District. Deyang is an important industrial city in the province, with heavy machinery and phosphate mining as its core industries. The famous Sanxingdui Ruins, unearthed in Guanghan City, are significant relics of the ancient Shu Kingdom and are now designated as a National Key Cultural Relics Protection Unit.

nix

2. History

Before the Qin Dynasty, the area was part of the ancient Shu State. In the ninth year of King Huiwen of Qin (316 BCE), Qin conquered the Shu State and established Shu Commandery, to which the present-day territory belonged. In the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu of the Western Han Dynasty (201 BCE), Guanghan Commandery was established by dividing Ba Commandery and Shu Commandery, with its seat at Luoxian Chengxiang (located in present-day Xiaoquan Town, Jingyang District), under the jurisdiction of Yi Province. Additionally, Luoxian (located in present-day Beiwai Town, Guanghan City), Mianzhu County (located in present-day northern Jingyang District), and Shifang County (located in present-day Shifang City) were established, all belonging to Guanghan Commandery. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Luoxian served as the seat of Guanghan Commandery and concurrently as the seat of Yi Province. During the Shu Han period of the Three Kingdoms, Yangquan County (located in present-day Xiaoquan Town, Jingyang District) was established by dividing Mianzhu County, and Wucheng County (located in present-day Zhongjiang County) was also established, both belonging to Guanghan Commandery. During the Yanxi era, Dongguanghan Commandery was established by dividing Guanghan Commandery, and Wucheng County was transferred to its jurisdiction.

During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Wan'an County (located in present-day Luojiang District) was established. In the second year of the Long'an era (398 CE), Jinxi County (located in present-day Mianzhu City) was established, and Jinxi Commandery was also established in the county. During the Liu Song Dynasty of the Southern Dynasties, Wucheng County was renamed Wucheng County. During the Liang Dynasty of the Southern Dynasties, Wan'an County was renamed Chanting County. During the Western Wei Dynasty, Chanting County was restored to Wan'an County, and Wan'an Commandery was established in the county. During the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Xuanwu Commandery was established, with its seat at Wucheng County; Jinxi County and Mianzhu County were abolished. During the reign of Emperor Min, Shifang County was renamed Fangting County, and during the reign of Emperor Wu, Fangting County was abolished and merged into Luoxian.

In the first year of the Kaihuang era of the Sui Dynasty (581 CE), Jinxi Commandery was abolished, and Jinxi County was reestablished; Guanghan Commandery was abolished, and Luoxian was placed under Yi Province; Xuanwu Commandery was abolished, and Wucheng County was renamed Xuanwu County, belonging to Yi Province. In the eighteenth year of the Kaihuang era (598 CE), Jinxi County was renamed Xiaoshui County; Luoxian was renamed Mianzhu County, and its seat was moved to present-day Guanghan City. In the early Renshou era, Kaizhou was established, with Xuanwu County as its seat. In the second year of the Daye era (607 CE), Kaizhou was abolished; Mianzhu County was restored to Luoxian; Xiaoshui County was renamed Mianzhu County, belonging to Shu Commandery.

In the third year of the Wude era of the Tang Dynasty (620 CE), Deyang County (located in present-day Jingyang District) was established by dividing Luoxian; Shifang County was reestablished and placed under Yi Province. In the first year of the Tiaolu era (679 CE), Tongshan County (located in present-day Guangfu Town, Zhongjiang County) was established by dividing Qixian and Feiniaoxian, and together with Xuanwu County, it was placed under Zizhou. In the second year of the Chuigong era (686 CE), Hanzhou was established in Luoxian, and Deyang, Shifang, and Mianzhu counties were transferred to its jurisdiction. In the first year of the Tianbao era (742 CE), Wan'an County was renamed Luojiang County, belonging to Mianzhou. In the fifth year of the Dazhong Xiangfu era of the Northern Song Dynasty (1012 CE), Xuanwu County was renamed Zhongjiang County.

In the first year of the Zhongtong era of the Mongol Empire (1260 CE), Luoxian was abolished and merged into Hanzhou. In the eighth year of the Zhiyuan era of the Yuan Dynasty (1271 CE), Deyang County was elevated to Dezhou. In the thirteenth year of the Zhiyuan era (1276 CE), Dezhou was restored to Deyang County. In the twentieth year of the Zhiyuan era (1283 CE), Tongshan County was abolished and merged into Zhongjiang County, belonging to Tongchuan Prefecture. During the late Yuan Dynasty, the Daxia regime of Ming Yuzhen reestablished Luoxian. In the fourth year of the Hongwu era of the Ming Dynasty (1371 CE), Luoxian was again abolished and merged into Hanzhou. In the tenth year of the Hongwu era (1377 CE), Shifang County was abolished and merged into Mianzhu County. In the thirteenth year of the Hongwu era (1380 CE), Shifang County was reestablished. In the sixteenth year of the Shunzhi era of the Qing Dynasty (1659 CE), Luojiang County was merged into Deyang County. In the fifth year of the Yongzheng era (1727 CE), Luojiang County was reestablished. In the thirty-fifth year of the Qianlong era (1770 CE), Luojiang County was abolished and merged into Mianzhou, and the seat of Mianzhou was moved there. In the sixth year of the Jiaqing era (1801 CE), Mianzhou returned to its original seat, and Luojiang County was reestablished.

In the second year of the Republic of China (1913 CE), prefectures and subprefectures were abolished, and counties were retained. Hanzhou was renamed Guanghan County, and together with Deyang, Mianzhu, Luojiang, and Shifang counties, it was placed under the Chuannan Circuit, which was renamed the Xichuan Circuit the following year; Zhongjiang County was placed under the Chuanbei Circuit, which was renamed the Jialing Circuit the following year. In the nineteenth year of the Republic of China (1930 CE), the circuit system was abolished. In the twenty-fourth year of the Republic of China (1935 CE), Deyang, Guanghan, Mianzhu, Luojiang, and Shifang counties were placed under the Thirteenth Administrative Inspectorate District of Sichuan Province, while Zhongjiang County was placed under the Twelfth Administrative Inspectorate District.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Deyang, Guanghan, Mianzhu, Luojiang, and Shifang counties were placed under the Mianyang Special District of the Chuannan Administrative Region, while Zhongjiang County was placed under the Suining Special District of the Chuanbei Administrative Region. In 1952, the special districts were directly led by Sichuan Province, and Guanghan and Shifang counties were transferred to the Wenjiang Special District. In 1958, Zhongjiang County was transferred to the Mianyang Special District. In 1959, Luojiang County was merged into Deyang County. In 1960, Shifang County was merged into Guanghan County. In 1962, Shifang County was reestablished. In 1968, the special districts were renamed regions. On March 3, 1983, Guanghan and Shifang counties were transferred to Chengdu City; on August 18, the urban streets of Deyang County, Hanwang Town, and the three communes of Jingyang, Chengqu, and Bajiaojing were separated to establish the prefecture-level Deyang City, and Deyang, Zhongjiang, and Mianzhu counties from the Mianyang Region, as well as Guanghan and Shifang counties from Chengdu City, were placed under the jurisdiction of Deyang City; on September 12, Deyang County was abolished and merged into Deyang City, and the Shizhong District was established. On February 24, 1988, Guanghan County was abolished, and the county-level Guanghan City was established. On October 27, 1995, Shifang County was abolished, and the county-level Shifang City was established. On August 3, 1996, the Shizhong District of Deyang City was abolished and replaced by Jingyang District and Luojiang County; on October 8 of the same year, Mianzhu County was abolished, and the county-level Mianzhu City was established. In August 2017, the State Council approved the abolition of Luojiang County and the establishment of Luojiang District.

3. Geography

Located in the upper reaches of the Tuo River, a tributary of the Yangtze River. It borders Mianyang City to the northeast, Suining and Ziyang cities to the southeast, Chengdu City to the southwest, and the Aba Prefecture to the west. Situated approximately 50 kilometers from the provincial capital, Chengdu, it is an important component of the Chengdu tourism gateway region.

Deyang features higher terrain in the west and lower terrain in the east. The northwestern part is mountainous, the central area is a plain, and the southeastern part consists of hills. It experiences a subtropical monsoon climate with distinct seasons and abundant rainfall. The annual precipitation is around 1000 millimeters, with an average annual temperature ranging from 15.7°C to 16.7°C.

Meteorological Data for Deyang City (1981–2010)

| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | |--------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------| | Record high °C (°F)| 19.9 (67.8) | 22.7 (72.9) | 31.8 (89.2) | 33.4 (92.1) | 36.4 (97.5) | 36.3 (97.3) | 37.2 (99.0) | 37.6 (99.7) | 36.2 (97.2) | 30.5 (86.9) | 25.5 (77.9) | 18.5 (65.3) | 37.6 (99.7) | | Average high °C (°F) | 9.5 (49.1) | 11.9 (53.4) | 16.5 (61.7) | 22.2 (72.0) | 26.9 (80.4) | 28.6 (83.5) | 30.2 (86.4) | 29.8 (85.6) | 25.8 (78.4) | 20.9 (69.6) | 16.2 (61.2) | 10.6 (51.1) | 20.8 (69.4) | | Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.7 (42.3) | 8.0 (46.4) | 11.9 (53.4) | 17.1 (62.8) | 21.7 (71.1) | 24.3 (75.7) | 25.9 (78.6) | 25.3 (77.5) | 21.8 (71.2) | 17.2 (63.0) | 12.3 (54.1) | 7.0 (44.6) | 16.5 (61.7) | | Average low °C (°F) | 2.8 (37.0) | 5.1 (41.2) | 8.5 (47.3) | 13.2 (55.8) | 17.7 (63.9) | 21.0 (69.8) | 22.6 (72.7) | 22.0 (71.6) | 19.1 (66.4) | 14.8 (58.6) | 9.6 (49.3) | 4.4 (39.9) | 13.6 (56.5) | | Record low °C (°F)| -4.6 (23.7) | -3.4 (25.9) | -2.3 (27.9) | 4.7 (40.5) | 7.5 (45.5) | 14.6 (58.3) | 16.8 (62.2) | 16.6 (61.9) | 13.0 (55.4) | 4.1 (39.4) | 0.0 (32.0) | -5.2 (22.6) | -5.2 (22.6) | | Average precipitation mm (inches)| 7.1 (0.28) | 10.3 (0.41) | 17.9 (0.70) | 42.4 (1.67) | 73.2 (2.88) | 102.2 (4.02) | 203.8 (8.02) | 181.4 (7.14) | 127.5 (5.02) | 35.8 (1.41) | 10.7 (0.42) | 4.2 (0.17) | 816.5 (32.14) | | Average relative humidity (%)| 81 | 79 | 76 | 75 | 71 | 77 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 81 | 82 | 79 |

4. Administrative Divisions

Deyang City administers 2 districts, 1 county, and oversees 3 county-level cities.

• Districts: Jingyang District, Luojiang District
• County-level cities: Guanghan City, Shifang City, Mianzhu City
• County: Zhongjiang County

Additionally, Deyang Economic and Technological Development Zone is a national-level economic and technological development zone established by Deyang City.

| Division Code | Division Name | Chinese Pinyin | Area (km²) | Resident Population (2020 Census) | Government Seat | Postal Code | Subdistricts | Towns | Townships | |-------------------|-------------------|-------------------|----------------|---------------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------|------------------|-----------|---------------| | 510600 | Deyang City | Déyáng Shì | 5,911.22 | 3,456,161 | Jingyang District | 618000 | 13 | 67 | 4 | | 510603 | Jingyang District | Jīngyáng Qū | 647.94 | 828,189 | Donghu Subdistrict | 618000 | 6 | 7 | | | 510604 | Luojiang District | Luójiāng Qū | 447.87 | 209,088 | Wan'an Town | 618500 | | 7 | | | 510623 | Zhongjiang County | Zhōngjiāng Xiàn | 2,200.40 | 946,019 | Kaijiang Town | 618100 | | 26 | 4 | | 510681 | Guanghan City | Guǎnghàn Shì | 548.68 | 626,132 | Luocheng Subdistrict| 618300 | 3 | 9 | | | 510682 | Shifang City | Shífāng Shì | 820.30 | 406,775 | Fangting Subdistrict| 618400 | 2 | 8 | | | 510683 | Mianzhu City | Miánzhú Shì | 1,246.02 | 439,958 | Ziyan Subdistrict | 618200 | 2 | 10 | |

5. Economy

Deyang is a major heavy equipment manufacturing base in China, one of the first national new-type industrialization demonstration bases, and the second-largest industrial city in Sichuan Province. It is home to a group of first-class domestic and world-renowned heavy equipment manufacturing enterprises such as China National Erzhong Group, Dongfang Electric Machinery, Dongfang Turbine, and Honghua Petroleum. Deyang's heavy equipment manufacturing cluster holds significant influence both in China and globally. Over 60% of China's nuclear power products, 40% of hydroelectric generating units, more than 30% of thermal power generating units and steam turbines, 50% of large-scale steel rolling equipment and large power plant castings/forgings, and 20% of large marine castings/forgings are manufactured and equipped in Deyang. Its power generation equipment output has ranked first in the world for many consecutive years, and its petroleum drilling rig exports rank first nationally. The food industry enjoys a high reputation both at home and abroad, boasting premium brands like the famous Chinese liquor Jiannanchun, Great Wall Cigars, and Glacier Era mineral water. It has built Asia's largest cigar production base. The chemical industry focuses on phosphate chemicals, chlor-alkali chemicals, titanium chemicals, and natural gas chemicals, making it a significant national base for phosphate chemicals and fertilizer production. Deyang is committed to fostering strategic emerging industries in new energy equipment manufacturing, vigorously developing sectors such as nuclear power, wind power, solar energy, tidal power, bioenergy, and fuel cells. It has been designated by the United Nations as an International Demonstration City for Clean Technology and New Energy Equipment Manufacturing. Emerging industries like new materials and pharmaceuticals are developing rapidly, and it is a national new materials industrialization base and a modern traditional Chinese medicine production base. Deyang Economic and Technological Development Zone is a national-level zone. This robust industrial foundation solidifies Deyang's status as a crucial industrial city in western China.

• Machinery Manufacturing includes: The three major heavy equipment manufacturers—China National Erzhong Group (controlling the listed company Erzhong Heavy Equipment (SHA: 601268)), Dongfang Electric Machinery Works, and Dongfang Turbine Works; Sichuan Honghua Petroleum Equipment Co., Ltd., Sichuan Lanxing Machinery Co., Ltd., Kexin Electromechanical (SHE: 300092), Guanghan Guangda Machinery Equipment Co., Ltd., Deyang Ditai Machinery Co., Ltd., among others.
• Petroleum & Drilling Rig Enterprises: Sichuan Honghua Petroleum Equipment Co., Ltd. (HK: 0196)
• Key Chemical Industry Enterprises: Jinlu Group (SHE: 000510), Hongda Co., Ltd. (SHA: 600331), Longmang Group, Chuanheng Holdings, etc.
• Key Food Industry Enterprises: Jiannanchun, CRB Lanshan Beer, Shifang Cigarette Factory.
• Key Building Materials & Other Industrial Enterprises: Sichuan Sunpower Pipe Co., Ltd., TBEA (Deyang) Cable Co., Ltd., Mianzhu Panlong Chemical & Construction Co., Ltd., etc.

Deyang's economy has developed rapidly, with nearly 1,000 industrial enterprises each having an annual output value exceeding 5 million RMB and total assets reaching 102.2 billion RMB. In 2009, the city achieved a regional GDP of 78.00 billion RMB, a year-on-year increase of 14.4%. Fixed asset investment was 74.686 billion RMB, up 241.2% year-on-year. Total retail sales of consumer goods reached 24.58 billion RMB, an increase of 22.6%. Total fiscal revenue was 12.964 billion RMB, up 32.04%, with local fiscal revenue at 6.499 billion RMB, of which general budget revenue was 3.188 billion RMB. The per capita disposable income of urban residents reached 16,349 RMB, and the per capita net income of rural residents reached 5,625 RMB. Among Sichuan's top 200 townships, 51 are located in Deyang.

A characteristic of Deyang's economy is the relatively strong development of its county-level economies. Its subordinate jurisdictions—Jingyang District, Mianzhu City, Shifang City, and Guanghan City—were all previously among Sichuan Province's "Top Ten Counties" in terms of comprehensive economic strength. However, due to the impact of the massive earthquake in 2008, Mianzhu and Shifang experienced negative economic growth exceeding 30%, and together with Guanghan, they failed to enter the provincial top ten that year. The rankings of Deyang's one district and five counties in Sichuan's 2008 county-level economy were: Jingyang (8th), Guanghan (13th), Shifang (19th), Mianzhu (34th), Zhongjiang (56th), and Luojiang (95th). With post-disaster reconstruction underway, Deyang's economy is accelerating its recovery. Mianzhu, Shifang, and Guanghan are expected to all return to the list of Sichuan's Top Ten Counties by 2011. The Deyang High-tech Industrial Park, formerly the Guanghan Industrial Development Zone, was upgraded to a National High-tech Industrial Development Zone in 2015. High-tech industries accounted for 44.5% of its output in 2014.

6. Transportation

6.1 Railway

6.1.1 Existing Lines

• Baoji–Chengdu Railway: Deyang Station
• Sichuan–Qinghai Railway (under construction): Mianzhunan Station - Shifangxi Station - Sanxingdui Station
• No passenger service: Dazhou–Chengdu Railway (no passenger stations within the city), Guangyuan–Yuechi Railway, Deyang–Tianchi Railway (all are dedicated railways)

6.1.2 High-Speed Lines

• Xi'an–Chengdu High-Speed Railway: Luojingdong Station - Deyang Station - Guanghanbei Station

6.2 Long-Distance Bus Stations

• Jingyang District: Deyang North Bus Station, Deyang South Bus Station

6.3 Roads

6.3.1 Expressways

• G42 Chengdu–Mianyang Expressway, Chengdu–Deyang–Nanchong Expressway, Chengdu–Shifang–Mianyang Expressway, Chengdu Second Ring Expressway

6.3.1.1 Under Construction or Planned

• Chengdu Third Ring Expressway, Suining–Deyang–Aba Expressway

6.3.2 National Highways

• China National Highway 108, China National Highway 350

6.4 Airport

Deyang has no civil airport. It is located 50 km south of Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport and 40 km north of Mianyang Nanjiao Airport.

7. Education

There are 663 schools of various types, with a total enrollment of 528,100 students and 26,647 full-time teachers. Among them: 7 regular higher education institutions (including Civil Aviation Flight University of China, etc.), with 51,000 undergraduate and junior college students, an increase of 30.10%; 211 regular secondary schools, with 187,900 students; 405 primary schools, with 240,800 students. The enrollment rate for school-age children is 99.15%.

8. Population

At the end of 2022, the city's permanent resident population was 3.461 million, an increase of 2,000 people compared to the end of the previous year. Among them, the urban population was 1.994 million, and the rural population was 1.467 million. The urbanization rate of the permanent resident population was 57.6%, an increase of 0.5 percentage points from the end of the previous year.

According to the Seventh National Population Census in 2020, the city's permanent resident population was 3,456,161. Compared with the 3,615,758 people from the Sixth National Population Census, there was a decrease of 159,597 people over the ten-year period, a decline of 4.41%, with an average annual growth rate of -0.45%. Among them, the male population was 1,736,923, accounting for 50.26% of the total population; the female population was 1,719,238, accounting for 49.74% of the total population. The overall sex ratio (with females as 100) was 101.03. The population aged 0–14 was 451,296, accounting for 13.06% of the total population; the population aged 15–59 was 2,112,656, accounting for 61.13% of the total population; the population aged 60 and above was 892,209, accounting for 25.82% of the total population, of which the population aged 65 and above was 699,883, accounting for 20.25% of the total population. The population residing in urban areas was 1,934,382, accounting for 55.97% of the total population; the population residing in rural areas was 1,521,779, accounting for 44.03% of the total population.

8.1 Ethnic Groups

Among the city's permanent resident population, the Han ethnic group population was 3,425,599, accounting for 99.12%; the population of various ethnic minorities was 30,562, accounting for 0.88%. Compared with the Sixth National Population Census in 2010, the Han ethnic group population decreased by 180,977 people, a decline of 5.02%, and its proportion of the total population decreased by 0.63 percentage points; the population of various ethnic minorities increased by 21,380 people, a growth of 232.85%, and its proportion of the total population increased by 0.63 percentage points.

nix

nix

9. Sister Cities

• Higashihiroshima, Japan – October 14, 1993
• Vladimir Oblast, Russia – June 1, 1994
• Muncie, USA – September 15, 1994
• Siegen-Wittgenstein, Germany – August 6, 1996
• Laguardia, Spain – June 4, 1997
• Lahti, Finland – September 7, 2000
• Zibo City, China
• Zhuzhou City, China – July 14, 2010
• Shunyi District, China – August 1, 2013
• Gangneung, South Korea – November 28, 2013
• Hongkou District, China – September 1986

nix

nix

nix

nix

Jingyang District

Zhongjiang County

Han Chinese population accounts for 99.12%; ethnic minorities account for 0.88%.

nix

Rose