Anyang (安阳)

1. Introduction

Anyang City, historically known as Yin, Xiangzhou, and Zhangde Prefecture, is a prefecture-level city under the jurisdiction of Henan Province, People's Republic of China, located in the northern part of Henan. The city borders Puyang City to the east, Xinxiang City and Hebi City to the south, Changzhi City in Shanxi Province to the west, and Handan City in Hebei Province to the north. Situated on the eastern foothills of the Taihang Mountains, the terrain is higher in the west and lower in the east, with mountains and hills in the west and piedmont plains and the Huangwei alluvial plain in the east. The Zhang River flows along the northern border of the city, the Huan River meanders through the northern part of the urban area, and the Qi River, Tang River, and Wei River traverse the territory. The city covers a total area of 7,352 square kilometers with a population of 5.417 million people. The Municipal People's Government is located in Wenfeng District.

Anyang is one of the Seven Ancient Capitals of China, a National Historical and Cultural City, an Excellent Tourism City of China, the hometown of oracle bone inscriptions, the birthplace of the Book of Changes, and renowned for the UNESCO World Heritage Site Yinxu. It is one of the centers of early Chinese civilization, with a history of over 3,300 years as a city and 500 years as a capital. Apart from the Shang dynasty, which established its capital at Yin, Anyang's history as a capital also includes six regimes of the Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties that established their capitals at Ye, making it the "Ancient Capital of Seven Dynasties." Anyang is an important city on the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, the Beijing-Guangzhou High-Speed Railway, and the Beijing–Hong Kong–Macau Expressway, situated between Shijiazhuang and Zhengzhou.

2. Historical Names

Beimeng is the earliest known name of Anyang. Around 1300 BC, Pan Geng, the 20th king of the Shang dynasty, moved the capital from "Yan" (present-day Qufu, Shandong) to "Beimeng" and renamed it Yin, an event historically known as "Pan Geng's Move to Yin."

The name Anyang originated in the late Warring States period. Records of the Grand Historian: House of Zhao records: In the 24th year of King Huiwen of Zhao's reign (275 BC), "Lian Po attacked the Wei city of Fangzi, withdrew after fortifying it, then attacked Anyang and captured it." This is the earliest recorded mention of the name "Anyang" in historical texts. Another account states that in the 50th year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin's reign (257 BC), the Qin state captured the Wei city of Ningxinzhong. Because "Ningxinzhong" was located north of the Qi River (in ancient Chinese toponymy, the north side of a river is "yang"), and the character "Ning" (宁, meaning peace/tranquility) was replaced with the semantically similar character "An" (安, also meaning peace/safety), it was thus named "Anyang."

In 401 AD, the Northern Wei dynasty established Xiangzhou at the city of Ye, deriving the name from the historical fact that King He Dan Jia of the Shang dynasty once resided in "Xiang." This marks the beginning of the name Xiangzhou. In 580 AD, the ancient city of Ye was burned down. The administrative seats of Xiangzhou, Wei Commandery, and Ye County, along with the residents of Ye, were relocated to Anyang. Consequently, Anyang came to be called Xiangzhou and also acquired the name of Ye city, specifically referred to as the New Ye City. It was later also known as Ye Commandery. The name "Xiangzhou" continued to be used through the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties. In the third year of the Mingchang era of the Jin dynasty (1192 AD), Xiangzhou was promoted to Zhangde Prefecture, a name retained during the Ming and Qing dynasties. It was not until the early years of the Republic of China that Zhangde Prefecture was abolished and Anyang County was re-established. The name Anyang has been in use ever since.

3. History

3.1 Prehistoric Era

The Xiaonanhai Cave site in present-day Xiaonanhai, Anyang County, indicates that this area was inhabited by humans during the Paleolithic Age, approximately 25,000 to 13,000 years ago. The cave site is now located on the mountainside of Beilouding Mountain, southwest of Xiaonanhai, facing east with a cave entrance about 3 meters wide. During the 1960s and 1970s, experts from the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences conducted excavations at the cave. Guo Moruo referred to this as the "Xiaonanhai Culture" in his work Manuscript of Chinese History.

During the legendary period of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors in ancient China, it is said that the two emperors Zhuanxu and Diku established their capitals in the area of present-day Neihuang County, Anyang City, each reigning for over 70 years.

3.2 Ancient History

3.3 Pre-Qin Period

In the late Shang Dynasty, Anyang was the Shang capital of Yinxu. The early Shang Dynasty frequently relocated its capital. According to historical records, they moved their capital a total of 13 times. Around 1300 BCE, during the reign of King Pan Geng of Shang, the capital was moved from "Yan" (located in present-day Shandong Province) to "Beimeng" (northwest of present-day Anyang City) and renamed "Yin." This event is historically known as "Pan Geng's Move to Yin." After the Shang capital was relocated to Yin, it became the political, economic, and cultural center of the Shang Dynasty. The Shang Dynasty passed through eight generations and twelve kings in Yin, lasting 254 years. In 1046 BCE, King Wu of Zhou led an alliance of feudal lords to attack King Zhou of Shang, initiating the Battle of Muye. King Zhou was defeated and died by self-immolation, leading to the fall of Yin. In modern times, over 150,000 oracle bone inscriptions, tens of thousands of bronze artifacts (including the famous Houmuwu Ding), more than 50 palace ruins, and discoveries of palace areas, royal tomb areas, commoner districts, bronze casting sites, handicraft workshops, and large sacrificial grounds have been unearthed here.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Anyang first belonged to the State of Wei and later to the State of Jin. During the Warring States Period, Anyang belonged to the State of Wei and later to the State of Zhao. The name "Anyang" originated during the Warring States Period. There are two accounts of its origin: Records of the Grand Historian: Annals of Zhao records that in the 24th year of King Huiwen of Zhao (275 BCE), "Lian Po attacked Wei's Fangzi, returned after capturing the city, and then attacked Anyang, taking it." This is the first appearance of the name "Anyang" in historical records. Another account from Records of the Grand Historian: Annals of Qin states that in the 50th year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin (257 BCE), "(The king) attacked Handan but failed to capture it, then withdrew... attacked Fencheng, captured Ningxinzhong from Tang, and renamed Ningxinzhong as Anyang." Thus, the name "Anyang" was derived from "Ningxinzhong."

3.4 Han, Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties

After Qin unified the six states, it implemented the commandery-county system, dividing the empire into 36 commanderies. The area under present-day Anyang City roughly belonged to Handan Commandery. Anyang County was first established during this period. By the end of the Qin Dynasty, it belonged to Henei Commandery and Handan Commandery.

In the early Western Han Dynasty, Anyang County was abolished and merged into Dangyin County. It was not reestablished until the Western Jin Dynasty. During this period, the western part of present-day Anyang City belonged to Henei Commandery, while the eastern part belonged to Wei Commandery (with its seat in Ye City, southwest of present-day Linzhang County, Hebei Province). From the Eastern Han Dynasty until the unification under the Western Jin Dynasty, Henei Commandery was under the jurisdiction of the Sili Xiaowei Department, while Wei Commandery was under the jurisdiction of Ji Province.

In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the area was under the influence of Yuan Shao. In 204 CE, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao, captured Ye, and rebuilt Ye City, making it the de facto political, economic, and cultural center of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the 18th year of the Jian'an era (213 CE), Cao Cao proclaimed himself King of Wei and established the capital of the State of Wei here. In 220 CE, Cao Pi usurped the Han throne and moved the capital to Luoyang, but Ye remained a secondary capital and was one of the "Five Capitals." During this time, the area under present-day Anyang City was still divided between Wei Commandery (governing Ye) and Henei Commandery.

During the Western Jin Dynasty, the area belonged to Wei Commandery of Si Province (governing 8 counties, with Linlü County, present-day Linzhou City, belonging to Ji Commandery of Si Province). During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, it still belonged to Wei Commandery. Meanwhile, Ye successively served as the capital of Later Zhao, Ran Wei, and Former Yan.

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, in the 4th year of the Tianxing era of Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei (401 CE), Xiangzhou was established in Ye. By this time, Ye had become the administrative seat of Xiangzhou, Wei Commandery, and Ye County. In the early years of Eastern Wei, Ye became the capital of Eastern Wei, and Anyang County was merged into Ye County along with Tangyin County. In the 7th month of the 8th year of the Wuding era (550 CE), Gao Yang (second son of Gao Huan) usurped the Wei throne, changed the state name to "Qi," and continued to use Ye as the capital. The rule of Northern Qi was extremely brutal, and it was eventually destroyed by Northern Zhou in 577 CE. During the reign of Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou, Yang Jian served as regent. In the 2nd year of the Daxiang era of Northern Zhou (580 CE), Yang Jian, Duke of Sui and concurrently Chancellor, suppressed the rebellion of Yuchi Jiong, the governor of Xiangzhou (present-day Anyang), who opposed him. To prevent anti-Yang forces in Hebei from reviving, Yang Jian ordered Ye City to be burned, and Xiangzhou, Wei Commandery, Ye County, and all its residents were relocated south to Anyang City. From then on, Anyang City replaced Ye City as the political, economic, and cultural center of the region, becoming the new Ye City. The former territory of Ye County was incorporated into Anyang County, while Anyang County was renamed Ye County. The former territory of Ye County was established as Lingzhi County.

3.5 Sui, Tang, and Later Dynasties

White-glazed porcelain civil official figurine, 15th year of the Kaihuang era, Sui Dynasty. Excavated from the tomb of Zhang Sheng in Anyang City, 1959. Currently housed in the Henan Museum. In the 3rd year of the Kaihuang era of Sui Dynasty (583 CE), Emperor Wen of Sui abolished all commanderies in the empire and implemented a two-tier system of prefectures and counties. Anyang City became the seat of Xiangzhou and Ye County. In the 10th year of the Kaihuang era (590 CE), the seat of Ye County was moved back to its original location in Ye, and Anyang County was reestablished. In the 1st year of the Daye era of Sui Dynasty (605 CE), Emperor Yang of Sui abolished all prefectural governor offices and implemented a two-tier system of commanderies and counties. Xiangzhou was abolished, and Wei Commandery was retained, governing Anyang and administering 11 counties. During the late Sui Dynasty, the Wagang Army uprising led by Zhai Rang and Li Mi in the area of present-day Hua County was an important part of the peasant uprisings at the end of the Sui Dynasty.

In the 1st year of the Wude era of Tang Dynasty (618 CE), Wei Commandery was changed to Xiangzhou, administering 8 counties. In the 1st year of the Zhenguan era of Tang Dynasty (627 CE), the empire was divided into ten circuits, and Xiangzhou was placed under Hebei Circuit. From the 1st year of the Tianbao era (742 CE) to the 1st year of the Qianyuan era (758 CE), Xiangzhou was temporarily renamed "Ye Commandery." During the An-Shi Rebellion, Anyang City was once again a major battlefield. The years of war severely damaged agricultural production and brought great suffering to the people. In the 1st year of the Baoying era (762 CE), Li Kuo, Prince Yong of Tang, led a campaign against the rebel forces of Shi Chaoyi (son of Shi Siming) stationed in Xiangzhou. Shi Chaoyi's general, Xue Song (grandson of Xue Rengui), surrendered to Tang military governor Li Baoyu. The Tang Dynasty then established the Zhaoyi Army in six prefectures, including Xiangzhou, with Xue Song as the military governor of Zhaoyi Army, with its seat in Xiangzhou. During the period of feudal separatism in the late Tang Dynasty, Xiangzhou was under the jurisdiction of the Weibo military governor. In the early Qianyuan era of Emperor Suzong of Tang, during the late An-Shi Rebellion, the Weibo Army was established in Wei Prefecture and Bo Prefecture, with Tian Chengsi as the military governor of Weibo.

In the early Song Dynasty, Xiangzhou was under Hebei West Circuit, and the Zhangde Army military governor was established.

In the 3rd year of the Mingchang era of Emperor Zhangzong of Jin (1192 CE), Xiangzhou was elevated to Zhangde Prefecture, administering 5 counties (some sources say 4 counties).

In the early Zhiyuan era of the Yuan Dynasty, "Zhangde Prefecture" was changed to "Zhangde Route," directly under the Central Secretariat.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the area largely belonged to Henan Province and was restored as "Zhangde Prefecture," administering 6 counties and 1 sub-prefecture (Ci Sub-prefecture).

3.6 Modern and Contemporary History

At the founding of the Republic of China in 1912, Anyang remained the seat of Zhangde Prefecture. In 1913, Zhangde Prefecture was changed to Anyang County, belonging to Yubei Circuit of Henan Province (renamed Hebei Circuit in 1914). In 1927, circuit-level administrative divisions were abolished, and Anyang County came under the direct jurisdiction of Henan Province.

On the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China, on May 6, 1949, the People's Liberation Army liberated Anyang and established Anyang City. On August 1, Pingyuan Province was established, with Anyang City as a province-administered city. On November 30, 1952, Pingyuan Province was abolished, and Anyang City was placed under Henan Province, remaining a province-administered city. In 1983, the State Council decided to place Anyang County, Lin County, Xun County, Tangyin County, and Qi County under the jurisdiction of Anyang City, implementing a system where cities lead counties. In February 1986, Henan Province adjusted its administrative divisions, transferring Qi County and Xun County to Hebi City, and transferring Neihuang County and Hua County from Puyang City to Anyang City.

4. Geography

4.1 Location and Scope

Anyang City is situated between 113°37′–114°58′ east longitude and 35°13′–36°22′ north latitude. It borders Puyang City to the east, Changzhi City in Shanxi Province to the west, Xinxiang and Hebi cities to the south, and faces Handan City in Hebei Province across the Zhang River to the north. By straight-line distance, it is approximately 460 kilometers north of Beijing and about 160 kilometers south of Zhengzhou. The total area of the city is 7,413 square kilometers, with the urban area covering 543.6 square kilometers.

4.2 Topography and Terrain

The terrain of Anyang slopes from high in the west to low in the east, spanning the second and third steps of China's topographic ladder. The landscape is diverse, dominated by plains. Plains, mountains, hills, and depressions account for 53.8%, 29.7%, 10.8%, and 5.7% of the total area, respectively. Roughly bounded by the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, the western part consists of mountains, hills, and basins at the eastern foothills of the Taihang Mountains, while the eastern part belongs to the North China Plain. The highest peak is Sifangnao in Linzhou City, with an elevation of 1,632 meters; the lowest point is along the Jindi River in Hua County, at an elevation of 50 meters.

4.3 Climate

Anyang has a warm temperate continental monsoon climate, located in a semi-humid region with four distinct seasons, ample sunshine, and concurrent rain and heat. Winters are cold and dry, often with strong winds. Summers are hot with concentrated precipitation. The annual average temperature is 14.1°C. January is the coldest month, with an average temperature of -0.9°C; July is the hottest, with an average temperature of 27.0°C. The extreme minimum temperature recorded was -21.7°C (January 12, 1951), and the extreme maximum was 43.2°C (June 25, 2009). The annual average atmospheric pressure is 1001.5 millibars, the average annual sunshine duration is about 2,225 hours, the frost-free period is approximately 210 days, and the average annual precipitation is about 557 millimeters, with a maximum daily precipitation of 249.2 millimeters.

Climatologically, winter in Anyang lasts about 140 days, summer about 110 days, while the transitional periods of spring and autumn are each just over 50 days, resulting in relatively long winters and summers and shorter springs and autumns. Influenced by monsoons and other factors, summers are dominated by southerly winds with abundant rainfall and hot weather; autumns are clear and mild with ample sunshine; winters and springs are characterized by prevailing northerly winds, relative dryness, and occasional dusty weather.

| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | |------------------|--------|-------|-------|-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------|-------|--------|--------| |Record high °C | 20.7 | 27.2 | 31.3 | 37 | 39.5 | 43.2 | 41.8 | 39.5 | 39.3 | 34.6 | 27.7 | 26.3 | 43.2 | | Record high °F | 69.3 | 81 | 88.3 | 98.6 | 103.1 | 109.8 | 107.2 | 103.1 | 102.7 | 94.3 | 81.9 | 79.3 | 109.8 | | Average high °C | 4.3 | 8.1 | 13.8 | 21.8 | 27.1 | 31.7 | 31.8 | 30.6 | 27 | 21.3 | 12.9 | 6.5 | 19.7 | | Average high °F | 39.7 | 46.6 | 56.8 | 71.2 | 80.8 | 89.1 | 89.2 | 87.1 | 80.6 | 70.3 | 55.2 | 43.7 | 67.5 | | Daily mean °C | −0.8 | 2.6 | 8.2 | 15.9 | 21.3 | 26 | 27.2 | 25.9 | 21.4 | 15.2 | 7.2 | 1.3 | 14.3 | | Daily mean °F | 30.6 | 36.7 | 46.8 | 60.6 | 70.3 | 78.8 | 81 | 78.6 | 70.5 | 59.4 | 45 | 34.3 | 57.7 | | Average low °C | −4.8 | −1.9 | 3.3 | 10.5 | 15.6 | 20.5 | 23 | 21.9 | 16.9 | 10.3 | 2.8 | −2.6 | 9.6 | | Average low °F | 23.4 | 28.6 | 37.9 | 50.9 | 60.1 | 68.9 | 73.4 | 71.4 | 62.4 | 50.5 | 37 | 27.3 | 49.3 | | Record low °C | −21.7 | −16.7 | −10.1 | −2.7 | 5.5 | 10.2 | 15.8 | 11.6 | 5.5 | −1.4 | −11.4 | −18.1 | −21.7 | | Record low °F | −7.1 | 1.9 | 13.8 | 27.1 | 41.9 | 50.4 | 60.4 | 52.9 | 41.9 | 29.5 | 11.5 | −0.6 | −7.1 | |** Average precipitation mm (inches)** | 5.2 | 7.7 | 18.1 | 21.2 | 46.4 | 62.3 | 150.6 | 132.2 | 57.7 | 30 | 15.1 | 5.1 | 551.6 | | | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.71 | 0.83 | 1.83 | 2.45 | 5.93 | 5.2 | 2.27 | 1.18 | 0.59 | 0.2 | 21.69 | | Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.2 | 2.9 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 6.6 | 7.5 | 12.2 | 10.1 | 7.1 | 5.4 | 3.8 | 2.4 | 69.2 | | Average relative humidity (%) | 60 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 61 | 61 | 76 | 79 | 72 | 68 | 67 | 63 | 65 | | Monthly sunshine hours | 142 | 148.9 | 180.2 | 219.4 | 251.6 | 232.5 | 190.2 | 200.1 | 187.1 | 180.2 | 152.8 | 140.3 | 2225.3 | | Percentage of Possible Sunshine | 46 | 49 | 49 | 56 | 58 | 54 | 43 | 48 | 50 | 52 | 50 | 47 | 50 |

4.4 Hydrology

Anyang City has scarce surface water resources, with a multi-year average surface water resource of 867 million cubic meters. The rivers are primarily rain-fed, and their water levels are significantly influenced by the seasonal and interannual variations in precipitation. Due to the uneven seasonal distribution and large interannual fluctuations in precipitation in Anyang, the runoff exhibits substantial variations both within the year and across years. Water levels are high in summer and autumn, while winter and spring are dry seasons.

Except for the eastern part of Hua County, which belongs to the Yellow River Basin, most of Anyang City falls within the Zhangweinan Canal system of the Haihe River Basin. The main rivers include the Wei River, Zhang River, Huan River (Anyang River), Tang River, and Qi River.

6. Administrative Divisions

Anyang City currently administers 4 municipal districts, 4 counties, and oversees 1 county-level city on behalf of the province.

Municipal Districts: Wenfeng District, Beiguan District, Yindu District, Long'an District
County-level City: Linzhou City
Counties: Anyang County, Tangyin County, Hua County, Neihuang County

Additionally, Anyang City has established the national-level Anyang High-Tech Industrial Development Zone and the Anyang Urban-Rural Integration Demonstration Zone.

| Division Code | Division Name | Chinese Pinyin | Area (km²) | Resident Population | Government Seat | Postal Code | Subdistricts | Towns | Townships | |-------------------|-------------------|-------------------------|----------------|-------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------|------------------|-----------|---------------| | 410500 | Anyang City | Ānyáng Shì | 7,351.54 | 5,477,614 | Wenfeng District | 455000 | 46 | 66 | 23 | | 410502 | Wenfeng District | Wénfēng Qū | 114.3 | 579,101 | Dongdajie Subdistrict | 455000 | 15 | 1 | | | 410503 | Beiguan District | Běiguān Qū | 92.9 | 327,762 | Hongqilu Subdistrict | 455000 | 9 | 1 | | | 410505 | Yindu District | Yīndū Qū | 648.45 | 219,780 | Meiyuanzhuang Subdistrict | 455000 | 9 | 5 | 5 | | 410506 | Long'an District | Lóng'ān Qū | 366.2 | 272,224 | Wenming Dadao Subdistrict | 455000 | 6 | 3 | 2 | | 410522 | Anyang County | Ānyáng Xiàn | 505.61 | 821,530 | Baibi Town | 455100 | | 7 | 2 | | 410523 | Tangyin County | Tāngyīn Xiàn | 636.61 | 455,136 | Chengguan Town | 456100 | | 9 | 1 | | 410526 | Hua County | Huá Xiàn | 1,780.94 | 1,169,072 | Daokouzhen Subdistrict | 456400 | 3 | 14 | 6 | | 410527 | Neihuang County | Nèihuáng Xiàn | 1,144.58 | 682,070 | Chengguan Town | 456300 | | 10 | 7 | | 410581 | Linzhou City | Línzhōu Shì | 2,061.96 | 950,939 | Kaiyuan Subdistrict | 456500 | 4 | 16 | |

7. Economy

According to preliminary calculations, Anyang City achieved a GDP of 159.3 billion yuan in 2012, ranking approximately 6th in Henan Province. The per capita GDP reached 31,340 yuan. The industrial structure was 11.7:58.1:30.2 for the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors respectively.

In 2011, Anyang City completed a total local fiscal revenue (general budget) of 7.736 billion yuan, of which tax revenue accounted for 5.365 billion yuan.

In 2012, the per capita disposable income of urban households was 21,042 yuan, an increase of 12.6% over the previous year; the per capita consumption expenditure of urban households was 11,863 yuan (2011), an increase of 12.4%. The per capita net income of rural households was 8,618 yuan, an increase of 13.6%; the per capita consumption expenditure of rural households was 4,304 yuan (2011), an increase of 15.5%.

The Anyang High-Tech Industrial Development Zone, located in the southern part of Anyang city, was established on August 4, 1992. It is a national-level display device industrial park and a China Photovoltaic Industry Demonstration Base, with advantageous industries including biochemical pharmaceuticals, electronic information, photovoltaic new energy, and mechanical equipment manufacturing. The Hongqi Canal Economic and Technological Development Zone is located in the northeast of Linzhou City, Anyang. It is the 8th national-level economic and technological development zone in Henan Province and the first county-level national economic and technological development zone in central and western China. Its main industries include a high-end equipment manufacturing incubation park, a biotechnology industrial park, a steel equipment industrial park, an automotive equipment industrial park, and an electronic information industrial park.

7.1 Industry

Anyang City is an important industrial base in Henan Province, having formed an industrial system primarily focused on steel, electronics, machinery, electric power, light industry and textiles, and tobacco. It has key plans for 9 provincial-level industrial clusters. In 2010, the industrial added value of Anyang City was 73.2 billion yuan, of which large-scale industries achieved an added value of 64.8 billion yuan, a growth of 19.7%. This marked the 9th consecutive year of maintaining double-digit high growth, accounting for 88.5% of the total industrial added value. Profits reached 18.3 billion yuan, an increase of 34%. Eleven enterprises were selected among the top 100 industrial enterprises in Henan Province, accounting for one-ninth of the provincial total. Anyang Iron and Steel Group is a state-level extra-large steel enterprise and the largest steel industrial base in Henan Province.

Anyang is China's second Photovoltaic Industry Demonstration Base. In cooperation with the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), it co-established China's second solar center photovoltaic industrialization and technology R&D base. Currently, three parks have been formed, including the Anyang High-Tech Zone Photovoltaic Industrial Park. There are 6 photovoltaic backbone enterprises such as Linzhou Zhongsheng, Henan Xinneng, Phoenix Photovoltaic, and Ancai Hi-Tech, along with over 10 supporting enterprises. Two major industrial chains for polysilicon and amorphous silicon thin-film battery production have initially taken shape.

Anyang City is relatively rich in mineral resources, with over 20 types including iron, coal, limestone, marble, and gypsum. Anyang City borders the Zhongyuan Oilfield to the east. The natural gas pipeline from Puyang to Anyang stretches over 100 kilometers, providing favorable conditions for the city's economic development.

7.2 Agriculture

Anyang City is an important agricultural product production base in Henan Province, with a cultivated land area of 6.13 million mu. It mainly produces wheat, corn, cotton, rapeseed, sesame, etc. It is part of the national planning for advantageous regions of agricultural products such as wheat, corn, cotton, and oilseeds, and is designated by the state as a national high-quality wheat production base city. The planting area for high-quality specialized wheat is 3.95 million mu, accounting for 86.7% of the total wheat area. In 2012, the total grain output of Anyang City was 3.496 million tons.

7.3 Commerce

In 2012, the total retail sales of consumer goods in Anyang City reached 46.91 billion yuan, an increase of 15.4%, maintaining a growth rate of over 15% consecutively. Specifically, the wholesale sector achieved retail sales of 7.75 billion yuan, the retail sector achieved 32.98 billion yuan, while the accommodation and catering sectors achieved retail sales of 360 million yuan and 5.82 billion yuan respectively.

The commercial centers of Anyang are mainly located along Wenfeng Middle Road, North Street, Hongqi Road, and Tangzi Alley. The most representative shopping malls include CapitaMall (Walmart), Dennis, Wanda Plaza, and Inzone Mall. Additionally, Anyang has several specialized wholesale markets, such as the Baizhuang Underwear Market, the Northern Henan Vegetable Wholesale and Retail Market, and the Northern Henan Seedling and Flower Market.

8. Transportation

Anyang City is located in the northernmost part of Henan Province, at the junction of Shanxi, Hebei, and Henan provinces. It is known as the "Key Town of Northern Henan" and the "Thoroughfare of Three Provinces," serving as a vital transportation hub between north and south China and one of the five regional logistics hubs in the Central Plains Economic Zone.

8.1 Railway

The Beijing-Guangzhou Railway runs vertically through the urban area. Within Anyang City, there are five stations from north to south: Baizhuang, Anyang, Baoliansi, Tangyin, and Yigou. The distance from Anyang Station north to Beijing is 508 kilometers, with the fastest electric multiple unit (EMU) travel time being 4 hours and 6 minutes. South to Zhengzhou, the capital of Henan Province, is 180 kilometers, with the fastest EMU travel time being 1 hour and 30 minutes. Anyang Railway Station, established in 1905, is under the jurisdiction of Zhengzhou Railway Bureau and is a first-class station. Additionally, there are four railway branch lines: Anyang-Lizhen, Shijian-Lingang, Tangyin-Hebiji, and Tangyin-Taiqian.

The Beijing-Guangzhou High-Speed Railway section from Beijing to Zhengzhou officially commenced operations on December 26, 2012. This line passes through the eastern part of Anyang City, with Anyang East Station located there. From Anyang East Station north to Beijing West Station, the fastest high-speed EMU travel time is 2 hours and 20 minutes; south to Zhengzhou East Station, the fastest high-speed EMU travel time is 42 minutes.

The Central-Southern Shanxi Railway passes through Anyang City, with stations including Hongqi Canal Station, Anyang West Station, Tangyin East Station, Wuling Station, and Jingdian Station. East of Tangyin East Station, a second track is being added along the existing Tangyin-Taiqian Railway. It is currently completed and operational. Upon completion, Anyang City will form a "two vertical, one horizontal" railway pattern.

8.2 Highway

Anyang City is situated in northern Henan, with most of its terrain being plains, resulting in a well-connected highway network. In 2011, the highway passenger turnover reached 4.78 billion passenger-kilometers.

The north-south G4 Beijing-Hong Kong-Macao Expressway and the east-west Nanlin Expressway intersect, forming a cross-shaped transportation framework. In addition, other expressways passing through Anyang City include the S26 Fanxian-Huixian Expressway, G45 Da-Guang Expressway, S49 Linzhou-Tongbai Expressway (planned), and S81 Anyang Northwest Ring Expressway.

National Highway 107 runs vertically through the urban area. Furthermore, other important highways passing through Anyang City include Provincial Highways 301, 302, and 215.

8.3 Aviation

Anyang Hongqi Canal Airport is located in Wagang Township, Tangyin County, and commenced operations on November 29, 2023. It is primarily used for civil aviation and general aviation. For civil aviation, China Southern Airlines currently operates domestic routes to and from cities such as Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Harbin, and Sanya. The airport is uniformly operated by Henan Airport Group. It is approximately 28 kilometers from the Anyang urban area, with plans for expressways connecting to the city center and surrounding cities like Puyang and Hebi.

8.4 Public Transportation

The main modes of public transportation in Anyang City are buses and taxis.

8.4.1 Buses

Bus services in Anyang City are operated by the Anyang Public Transportation Corporation. Established in 1958, the corporation operates 647 vehicles across 48 routes, with a total route length of 688.5 kilometers. It covers an annual operational mileage of 35 million kilometers and serves an average of 76.6 million passengers per year.

9. Education

Anyang City is a National Advanced City for Scientific and Technological Progress and a National Intellectual Property Pilot City, possessing a relatively strong comprehensive scientific and technological strength. By the end of 2012, it had 8 scientific research institutes, 1 national key laboratory (the State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology), and 19 provincial-level engineering technology centers. Throughout the year, 1,758 patent applications were filed, with 951 granted, and the promotion rate of scientific and technological achievements exceeded 90%. Notable research institutes include:

Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: Located in the Yinxu (Yin Ruins) Protected Area in Xiaotun, Anyang, it is the world's center for the study of Yin-Shang culture. Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences: Located in the Anyang Development Zone, it is China's only national-level specialized cotton research institution and the national cotton research center.

By the end of 2011, Anyang City had a total of 15,759 personnel engaged in scientific research activities, of whom 4,685 held a bachelor's degree or higher.

By the end of 2012, Anyang City had a total of 2,701 schools of all types and levels, with an enrollment of 1.0694 million students (2011), a faculty and staff of 65,800 (2011), including 55,700 full-time teachers (2011). There were 6 institutions of higher education, including the Henan provincial normal university Anyang Normal University and the municipal science and engineering university Anyang Institute of Technology, both located in the High-tech Zone in the southern part of the city. There were 37 regular senior high schools, 18 secondary vocational schools, 260 junior high schools, 1,401 primary schools, 8 special education schools, 910 kindergartens, and 61 vocational and technical training schools. The enrollment rate for primary school-age children was 99.99%. A total of 27,480 students from the city were admitted to undergraduate and junior college programs, with an admission rate of 78.89%.

By the end of 2011, Anyang City had a total of 15 various museums and memorial halls, and 7 public libraries.

9.1 Institutions of Higher Education

• Anyang Institute of Technology
• Anyang Normal University
• Anyang University
• China Aviation Sports College (in preparation)
• Anyang Vocational and Technical College
• Henan Vocational College of Nursing
• Anyang Preschool Teachers College

9.2 Regular Secondary Schools (Municipally Administered)

9.2.1 Senior High Schools

• Anyang No.1 Middle School
• Anyang No.2 Middle School
• Anyang No.3 Middle School
• Anyang No.35 Middle School (formerly Anyang Huanbei Middle School)
• Anyang No.36 Middle School (formerly Anyang No.3 Experimental Middle School)
• Anyang No.37 Middle School (formerly Anyang Development Zone Senior High School)
• Anyang No.38 Middle School (formerly Anyang Long'an Senior High School)
• Anyang No.39 Middle School (formerly the Senior High School Department of Anyang Experimental Middle School)
• Anyang No.2 Experimental Middle School

9.2.2 Junior High Schools

• Anyang No.4 Middle School
• Anyang No.5 Middle School
• Anyang No.6 Middle School (formerly the Junior High School Department of Anyang Experimental Middle School)
• Anyang No.7 Middle School
• Anyang No.8 Middle School
• Anyang No.9 Middle School
• Anyang No.10 Middle School
• Anyang No.11 Middle School
• Anyang No.20 Middle School
• Anyang No.21 Middle School
• Anyang No.25 Middle School
• Anyang No.32 Middle School
• Anyang No.33 Middle School
• Anyang No.60 Middle School (formerly the Junior High School Department of Anyang Anlin Lizhen School)
• Anyang No.61 Middle School (formerly Anyang Shengli Road Middle School)
• Anyang No.62 Middle School (formerly Anyang Hongqiao Middle School)
• Anyang No.63 Middle School (formerly Anyang Meiyuan Middle School)
• Anyang No.64 Middle School (formerly Anyang Xingfu Middle School)
• Anyang No.65 Middle School (formerly the Junior High School Department of Anyang Shuguang School)
• Anyang No.66 Middle School (formerly the Affiliated Middle School of Anyang Normal University)
• Anyang No.67 Middle School (formerly Anyang New Century Middle School)
• Anyang No.68 Middle School (formerly Anyang Guanghua Middle School)

9.2.3 Combined Junior-Senior High Schools

• Anyang Experimental Middle School (its senior high school department has been renamed Anyang No.39 Middle School, and its junior high school department has been renamed Anyang No.6 Middle School)
• Anyang Foreign Language School (its senior high school department has been discontinued, and its junior high school department has merged with Anyang No.8 Middle School)

10. Population

At the end of 2022, the city's permanent resident population was 5.417 million, including 2.963 million urban permanent residents and 2.454 million rural permanent residents. The urbanization rate of the permanent resident population was 54.69%, an increase of 0.62 percentage points from the end of the previous year.

According to the Seventh National Population Census in 2020, the city's permanent resident population was 5,477,614. Compared with the 5,173,188 people from the Sixth National Population Census, the total increase over the ten years was 304,426 people, a growth of 5.88%, with an average annual growth rate of 0.57%. Among them, the male population was 2,688,180, accounting for 49.08% of the total population; the female population was 2,789,434, accounting for 50.92% of the total population. The sex ratio of the total population (with females as 100) was 96.37. The population aged 0–14 was 1,337,229, accounting for 24.41% of the total population; the population aged 15–59 was 3,137,065, accounting for 57.27% of the total population; the population aged 60 and above was 1,003,320, accounting for 18.32% of the total population, of which the population aged 65 and above was 726,777, accounting for 13.27% of the total population. The urban population was 2,905,280, accounting for 53.04% of the total population; the rural population was 2,572,334, accounting for 46.96% of the total population.

10.1 Ethnic Groups

Among the city's permanent resident population, the Han ethnic group population was 5,469,772, accounting for 99.86%; the population of various ethnic minorities was 7,842, accounting for 0.14%. Compared with the Sixth National Population Census in 2010, the Han ethnic group population increased by 302,319, a growth of 5.85%, with its proportion in the total population decreasing by 0.03 percentage points; the population of various ethnic minorities increased by 2,107, a growth of 36.74%, with its proportion in the total population increasing by 0.03 percentage points.

Anyang City is home to 43 ethnic groups, including Han, Hui, Mongolian, Manchu, Zhuang, Miao, Tibetan, and Yi.

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11. Culture

Anyang's traditional culture has a long history and manifests in a rich variety of forms.

11.1 Opera and Performing Arts

By the end of 2011, Anyang City had 15 professional art performance troupes and 15 mass art centers/cultural centers.

The Cui School art, founded by Yu Opera master Cui Lantian, holds a unique position within the Yu Opera circle. Cui Lantian was an outstanding representative of the Western Henan school of Yu Opera. Her vocal style integrated melodies from multiple operatic forms such as Qin Opera and Qu Opera, featuring a wide vocal range. It was particularly suited for portraying dignified, virtuous, kind-hearted, and steadfast women characters who often faced tragic destinies.

Additionally, the peasant paintings of Neihuang, the paper-cutting of Tangyin, and unique folk performing arts like "Beige" (carrying pavilion), "Taige" (lifting pavilion), stilt walking, land boat dancing, and dragon lantern dances are also quite famous.

11.2 Local Cuisine and Specialties

Local Foods: Flat Noodle Vegetable Dish, Daokou Braised Chicken, Laomiao Beef, Fermented Rice Porridge, Blood Cake, Skin Residue (a starch-based dish), "Three Non-Stick" (a sticky dessert), Spiced Bean Paste, Neihuang Grilled Sausage, Triple-Smoked Delicacies, Guotie (potstickers), Shuiye Crispy Sesame Cake, Anyang Liaohua (a pastry), Hele Noodles, etc.

Local Specialties: Neihuang Jujubes (red dates), peanuts; Linzhou Dahongpao Peppercorns, persimmons, hawthorns, chestnuts, walnuts; Longquan flowers and plants, etc.

11.3 Dialect

Linguistically, the dialects spoken in Anyang City belong to a transitional zone between the Jin dialect's Handan-Xinxiang cluster and the Zhongyuan Mandarin's Zhengzhou-Caozhou cluster. Roughly speaking, the dialects used in the western counties of Linzhou City, Anyang County, and Tangyin County belong to the Jin dialect's Handan-Xinxiang cluster, retaining the entering tone (rusheng). In contrast, the eastern counties like Neihuang County and Hua County lean towards the Zhongyuan Mandarin's Zhengzhou-Caozhou cluster, commonly known as the Henan dialect.

The term "Anyang dialect" generally refers to the dialect spoken in the urban area of Anyang City. It is classified under the Jin dialect but exhibits significantly more characteristics of the Henan dialect compared to the Linzhou dialect. Features of the Anyang dialect include: retention of the entering tone (rusheng), absence of retroflex consonants, frequent use of rhotacization (erhua), and some unique colloquial vocabulary.

12. Sister Cities

12.1 International

• Schaerbeek, Belgium (September 12, 1985)
• Sōka, Japan (November 1, 1998)
• Lethbridge, Canada (May 12, 2005)
• Nakuru, Kenya (September 1, 2006)
• Anyang, South Korea (July 25, 2013)

12.2 Domestic

• Zhabei District, Shanghai (1987)
• Xiamen City (May 1988)
• Tonghua City (August 12, 1988)
• Haikou City (October 25, 1988)
• Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture (November 1988)
• Taiyuan City (September 3, 2003)
• Dandong City (September 2, 2004)
• Heihe City
• Zhangzhou City
• Jinan City

5. 城市规划

安阳城市建设历史可以上溯到3300年前的商朝后期，那时的安阳叫“殷”，是商朝的都城，是全国的政治、经济和文化中心。公元前1046年武王伐纣之后，城市逐渐被废弃，沦为废墟，即殷墟。一直到秦始皇十一年（前236年）才再修城墙。北魏天兴元年（398年）重修。明洪武元年（1368年），安阳城进行了大规模的改建，新城高二丈五尺，厚二丈，外砖内土，有城门4个，各城门之上均建有楼宇，四个城角建有巍峨的角楼；城内有雄伟壮观的三重檐鼓楼，北大街有凌空欲飞的钟楼，城垣外有宽十丈、深一丈的护城河。自此，安阳老城定型，延续至今。今天安阳老城内的钟楼、鼓楼、三角湖的西南角楼等建筑均为明初的遗迹。清朝官府曾对老城进行三次修复。至清末有街道90余条，主干道为东、西、南、北大街，东西大街全长1657米，南北大街全长1548米，宽9米以上。南北向街道共有18条，谓“十八罗汉街”。大街小巷纵横交错，有“九府十八巷七十二胡同”的称誉。

截止到2010年底，建成区现有市政道路210条，总长度320公里，总面积811.47万平方米；绿化覆盖率38.23%，绿地率33.63%，人均公共绿地面积8.45平方米。城市内道路纵横交织，东西向多称“某某大道”，南北向多称“某某路”。东西向主干道自北向南有人民大道－安钢大道、文峰大道、文明大道、文昌大道、黄河大道、长江大道等，横贯东西的文明大道是目前安阳市最长的大道，西起南林高速安阳西出口，东至京广客运专线；文峰大道有安阳的“长安街”之称，其中段为安阳最繁华的商业中心之一，也是安阳老城的中心；南北向主干道自东向西有海兴路、光明路、朝霞路、永明路、中华路、平原路、东风路、红旗路、彰德路、铁西路、梅东路、华祥路等，中华路是安阳最长的纵向道路，连接安阳、汤阴两地，并计划与邯郸中华大街相连，形成北起邯郸、南至汤阴的城际快速道路。目前，安阳城区正在逐步向东扩展，建设重心逐渐东移。规划中的安阳新区就位于城市的东边，城市规划管理部门将其功能定位为城乡一体化先行区、现代化复合型功能区、对外开放示范区、产业转型升级先导区、豫晋冀交界地区综合交通枢纽和区域物流中心。

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No. 568 Wenfeng Avenue, Wenfeng District

Huaxian County

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