Shuangyashan (双鸭山)

1. Introduction

Shuangyashan City is a prefecture-level city under the jurisdiction of Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, located in the eastern part of Heilongjiang. The city borders Jiamusi to the north and west, Qitaihe and Jixi to the south, and the Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai of Russia to the east. Situated in the heart of the Sanjiang Plain, the terrain is higher in the south and lower in the north, with the Laoye Mountains and Wanda Mountains in the southern part. The Ussuri River, along the eastern edge of the city, serves as the Sino-Russian border river. Its left-bank tributary, the Naoli River, flows through the city and converges with the Qixing River in the central area. Shuangyashan is a significant coal mining base in China, with coal reserves ranking first in Heilongjiang Province. The People's Government of Shuangyashan City is located at No. 70 Shiji Avenue, Jianshan District.

Shuangyashan is a major production area for heavy industries such as coal, electricity, and iron ore in China. Heavy industries including coal, metallurgy, chemicals, and machinery are well-developed, and high-tech industries are rapidly emerging. Shuangyashan is a core city in the eastern urban development belt of Heilongjiang Province and the only city in the province that possesses large coalfields, granaries, forests, wetlands, and farms.

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2. History

Shuangyashan derives its name from two peaks in the northeast of the city that resemble reclining ducks. Additionally, the city was established due to mining and flourished because of coal.

According to archaeological findings, there were signs of civilization in the Shuangyashan area as early as 7,000 years ago. The "Paotaishan Site Group" discovered in the city has been identified as built by the Yilou people, ancestors of the Manchu ethnic group. Fenglin Ancient City and the Paotaishan Site are recognized as the earliest capital of the Yilou people in the history of Heilongjiang.

In 1914, local farmers discovered exposed coal seams while engaging in sideline production in areas such as Lingdong and Lingxi, which gradually led to the formation of a populated settlement. The mining district government was established in 1954, and the city was officially founded on May 25, 1956.

3. Geography

Shuangyashan City is located in the northeastern part of Heilongjiang Province, 460 kilometers away from the provincial capital, Harbin. To the east, it faces the Russian city of Bikin across the Ussuri River. It borders Hulin, Mishan, and Huanan counties to the south; Jiamusi City and Qitaihe City to the west; and Fujin City, Tongjiang City, Fuyuan County, and Huachuan County to the north. The urban area is situated at the foot of the Wanda Mountains and along the Anbang River. It currently administers four counties—Jixian, Baoqing, Youyi, and Raohe—and four districts—Jianshan, Lingdong, Sifangtai, and Baoshan—comprising a total of 57 towns and townships. Within its territory, there are 12 state-owned farms and 40 state-owned forest farms. The total area is 22,483 square kilometers, with the urban area covering 1,767 square kilometers and a population of 1.5 million.

Of this area: 1,192 square kilometers are covered by vast forests, accounting for 67.45%; water bodies cover 4 square kilometers, accounting for 0.23%; arable land covers 291 square kilometers, accounting for 16.47%; construction land covers 66 square kilometers, accounting for 3.74%; and other land types cover 214 square kilometers, accounting for 12.11%.

Shuangyashan City Meteorological Data (1981–2010)

| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | |-----------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|----------|----------|----------|----------| | Avg High (℃ / °F) | -11.9 (10.6) | -6.7 (19.9) | 1.3 (34.3) | 12.5 (54.5) | 20.1 (68.2) | 25.1 (77.2) | 27.3 (81.1) | 25.9 (78.6) | 20.5 (68.9) | 11.6 (52.9) | -0.7 (30.7) | -9.8 (14.4) | 9.6 (49.3) | | Daily Mean (℃ / °F) | -16.6 (2.1) | -11.9 (10.6) | -3.7 (25.3) | 6.9 (44.4) | 14.2 (57.6) | 19.6 (67.3) | 22.4 (72.3) | 21.0 (69.8) | 14.8 (58.6) | 6.2 (43.2) | -5.2 (22.6) | -14.2 (6.4) | 4.5 (40.0) | | Avg Low (℃ / °F) | -20.2 (-4.4) | -16.4 (2.5) | -8.5 (16.7) | 1.4 (34.5) | 8.3 (46.9) | 14.1 (57.4) | 17.7 (63.9) | 16.6 (61.9) | 9.8 (49.6) | 1.5 (34.7) | -9.0 (15.8) | -17.6 (0.3) | -0.2 (31.7) | | Avg Precipitation (mm / in) | 7.3 (0.29) | 6.7 (0.26) | 15.9 (0.63) | 27.2 (1.07) | 48.1 (1.89) | 83.8 (3.30) | 122.1 (4.81) | 130.2 (5.13) | 55.8 (2.20) | 32.8 (1.29) | 10.7 (0.42) | 10.9 (0.43) | 551.5 (21.72) | | Avg Relative Humidity (%) | 67 | 60 | 53 | 50 | 54 | 67 | 74 | 77 | 68 | 56 | 56 | 65 | 62 |

4. Administrative Divisions

Shuangyashan City currently administers 4 municipal districts and 4 counties.

• Municipal Districts: Jianshan District, Lingdong District, Sifangtai District, Baoshan District
• Counties: Jixian County, Youyi County, Baoqing County, Raohe County

| Division Code | Division Name | Chinese Pinyin | Area (km²) | Resident Population (2020 Census) | Government Seat | Postal Code | Subdistricts | Towns | Townships | of which: Ethnic Townships | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | 230500 | Shuangyashan City | Shuāngyāshān Shì | 22,051.13 | 1,208,803 | Jianshan District | 155100 | 24 | 21 | 21 | 2 | | 230502 | Jianshan District | Jiānshān Qū | 118.28 | 262,359 | Tiexi Subdistrict | 155100 | 7 | | 1 | | | 230503 | Lingdong District | Lǐngdōng Qū | 740.40 | 27,498 | Beishan Subdistrict | 155100 | 6 | | 1 | | | 230505 | Sifangtai District | Sìfāngtái Qū | 196.31 | 39,550 | Zhenxingzhonglu Subdistrict | 155100 | 4 | | 1 | | | 230506 | Baoshan District | Bǎoshān Qū | 497.80 | 72,475 | Hongqi Subdistrict | 155100 | 7 | | 1 | | | 230521 | Jixian County | Jíxián Xiàn | 2,247.69 | 243,945 | Fuli Town | 155900 | | 5 | 3 | | | 230522 | Youyi County | Yǒuyì Xiàn | 1,684.26 | 101,080 | Youyi Town | 155800 | | 4 | 7 | 1 | | 230523 | Baoqing County | Bǎoqīng Xiàn | 9,995.56 | 331,377 | Baoqing Town | 155600 | | 6 | 4 | | | 230524 | Raohe County | Ráohé Xiàn | 6,598.18 | 130,519 | Raohe Town | 155700 | | 4 | 5 | |

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5. Transportation

5.1 Railway

• Shuangyashan Railway Station (First-class Station)
• Shuangyashan West Railway Station (Second-class Station)

5.2 Highway

• G1011 Ha-Tong Expressway, National Highway 221, and National Highway 501 pass through the area.

6. Education

Higher Vocational (Specialized) Colleges:

• Heilongjiang Vocational College of Coal Technology
• High Schools: Shuangyashan No. 1 High School (Provincial Key High School), Shuangyashan No. 32 Middle School, Shuangyashan No. 31 High School, Shuangyashan No. 37 Middle School (merged from former No. 18 and No. 19 Middle Schools), Shuangyashan No. 5 Middle School, Shuangyashan No. 36 Middle School, Shuangyashan No. 1 High School Affiliated Middle School.
• Primary Schools: Yifu Primary School, Guangming Primary School, Normal School Affiliated Primary School, Xipingxing Road Primary School, Chunhui Primary School, Yulong Primary School, Wenhua Road Primary School

7. Population

According to the Seventh National Population Census in 2020, the city's permanent resident population was 1,208,803. Compared with the 1,462,626 people from the Sixth National Population Census, there was a decrease of 253,823 people over the past ten years, a decline of 17.35%, with an average annual growth rate of -1.89%. Among them, the male population was 607,440, accounting for 50.25% of the total population; the female population was 601,363, accounting for 49.75% of the total population. The overall sex ratio (with females as 100) was 101.01. The population aged 0–14 was 117,527, accounting for 9.72% of the total population; the population aged 15–59 was 799,305, accounting for 66.12% of the total population; the population aged 60 and above was 291,971, accounting for 24.15% of the total population, of which the population aged 65 and above was 201,379, accounting for 16.66% of the total population. The urban population was 826,703, accounting for 68.39% of the total population; the rural population was 382,100, accounting for 31.61% of the total population.

7.1 Ethnic Groups

Among the city's permanent resident population, the Han ethnic group population was 1,178,671, accounting for 97.51%; the population of various ethnic minorities was 30,132, accounting for 2.49%. Compared with the Sixth National Population Census in 2010, the Han population decreased by 244,411, a decline of 17.17%, with its proportion of the total population increasing by 0.21 percentage points; the population of various ethnic minorities decreased by 9,412, a decline of 23.8%, with its proportion of the total population decreasing by 0.21 percentage points. Among them, the Manchu population decreased by 7,871, a decline of 30.22%, with its proportion of the total population decreasing by 0.28 percentage points; the Korean ethnic group population increased by 428, a growth of 8.6%, with its proportion of the total population increasing by 0.11 percentage points.

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8. Sister Cities

• Nagai City, Japan (May 21, 1992)
• Magadan City, Russia (July 12, 2013)

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Originating from two mountain peaks in the northeast of the city that resemble reclining ducks.

Jianshan District

Baoqing County

Han Chinese account for 97.51% of the population; ethnic minorities account for 2.49%.

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