Baotou (包头)

1. Introduction

Baotou (English: Baotou; Mongolian: ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ), abbreviated as Bao, is a prefecture-level city under the jurisdiction of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. It is a larger city approved by the State Council, a national logistics hub city, a regional central city of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, one of the first national civilized cities, and a national sanitary city. Baotou is a major industrial city in northern China and a comprehensive industrial city within China focused on metallurgy, rare earths, and machinery industries.

Baotou is also a renowned city for Chinese manufacturing, one of China's top 100 cities for investment environment, a national advanced city for scientific and technological progress, a national garden city, a national forest city, and an excellent tourist city in China.

Baotou was awarded the UN-Habitat Scroll of Honour in 2002. In 2024, at the 8th Global Summit of Local and Regional Governments during the 16th Conference of the Parties (COP16) to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Baotou was selected as a "Nature City."

Located in the central-western part of Inner Mongolia, Baotou borders Mongolia to the north. It is a core city of the Hohhot-Baotou-Ordos-Yulin urban agglomeration and the Yellow River "Figure-Eight Bend" metropolitan area. It is an industrial city prioritized for development by the state after the founding of the People's Republic of China. During the First Five-Year Plan period, 6 out of 156 key national projects were located in Baotou.

Baotou covers a total area of 27,800 square kilometers, comprising 9 banners/counties/districts and 1 national-level Rare Earth High-Tech Industrial Development Zone. Its total population is 2.762 million, with an urbanization rate of 86.7%.

The Han Chinese population accounts for approximately 94% of Baotou's residents, while the Mongolian population accounts for about 3%. Baotou is situated on the northern bank of the Yellow River in the central part of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, with the Yellow River flowing along its southern border. The city proper is located in the Hetao Plain, a Yellow River alluvial plain in southern Baotou, with the municipal government seated in Jiuyuan District. The central part of Baotou is occupied by the Yin Mountains, while the northern part consists of low hills of the Mongolian Plateau. The central-southern area is traversed by the Ulaan Mountains and Daqing Mountains, which belong to the Yin Mountains range. The city's terrain is high in the center and low in the north and south. Baotou borders Bayannur to the west, Ordos to the south, Hohhot and Ulanqab to the east, and Mongolia to the north.

In 2023, Baotou's GDP reached 426.39 billion yuan, growing by 10.2%, with its growth rate ranking first among China's top 100 cities. Its economic size reached the 72nd position, advancing 9 places from the previous year. Among this, the added value of industries above designated size grew by 23.4%, maintaining double-digit growth for 40 consecutive months; fixed asset investment grew by 24.3%, exceeding 100 billion yuan in total, ranking first in the entire autonomous region. Baotou is an important base for metallurgy, materials, and equipment manufacturing in the People's Republic of China and one of the major industrial cities in North China. Baotou has abundant rare earth reserves and is a major rare earth production area in China, as well as a base for rare earth processing and related equipment manufacturing. Baotou is also a major production base for monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon in China, as well as a manufacturing base for photovoltaic and wind power generation equipment.

The city has six pillar industries centered on rare earths, crystalline silicon photovoltaics, steel, aluminum, equipment manufacturing, and electric power. The equipment manufacturing industry covers eight categories including general equipment, special equipment, and automobile manufacturing. It hosts Inner Mongolia's largest steel, aluminum, equipment manufacturing, and rare earth processing enterprises, forming a complete manufacturing process from special steel smelting, casting, forging, machining, heat treatment, precision machining to complete equipment assembly and testing verification.

Among the 41 major industrial categories in the national economic classification, Baotou possesses 32. The city has large-scale production capacities for steel, electrolytic aluminum, rare earth materials, permanent magnet materials, anode copper, coal-to-methanol, polyolefins, carbon fiber, and carbon/carbon composites.

In 2023, Baotou's per capita GDP ranked 20th nationally.

2. Historical Names

Regarding the origin of the name of Baotou City, it is commonly believed to be derived from the Chinese transliteration of the Mongolian word "ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ" (pronounced "būūt"), meaning "where there are deer." This interpretation is officially adopted and serves as the standard Mongolian designation. An alternative theory suggests it originates from the Mongolian word "ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ" (represented in Chinese pinyin as "baatar," equivalent to "巴特尔," meaning "hero").

The term "ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ" is more commonly pronounced as "bāgt" in other dialect regions. In the neighboring Ordos dialect area, the final vowel is pronounced, resulting in "būtītú" or "būgtū." Although many places in Mongolia use this word as a geographical name, Baotou is the only instance in Inner Mongolia where the pronunciation "būtītú" has been transliterated into Chinese as "包头."

3. History

3.1 Regional History

The area along the Yellow River passing through Baotou was an early habitat for primitive humans, containing numerous ancient human relics. At Gelonggai Gully in Apugoumen, 15 kilometers east of Donghe District, a well-preserved Neolithic village site and a large number of cultural relics were excavated.

During the Warring States period, King Wuling of Zhao built the Jiuyuan City in 306 BC (the 20th year of King Wuling's reign). In 221 BC, after Qin unified China, the Jiuyuan Commandery was established. During the Han Dynasty, the Yunzhong Commandery and Wuyuan Commandery were also established. In 433 AD, the Xianbei ethnic group established the Northern Wei Dynasty and set up the Huaishuo Garrison. The Tang Dynasty established three "Surrender Cities" (East, Central, and West) in the Hetao region.

During the Liao Dynasty, the area was under the jurisdiction of Yunnei Prefecture. In the early Yuan Dynasty, the smelting, textile, and ceramics industries in the Baotou area began to flourish, and commercial activities subsequently prospered. During the Ming Dynasty, over 40 garrisons (Wei-Suo) were established in the Monan region, which were under the jurisdiction of the Thirteen Major Frontier Princes. Baotou at that time belonged to the Qianhu Household Garrison under the Prince of Jin. In the mid to late Ming Dynasty, various Mongolian tribes gradually entered the Hetao region. The area east of old Baotou became the grazing land of the Tumet Tribe, while the areas to the west and north belonged to the Urad Tribe. In the fifth year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty (1741 AD), the Salaqi City was built in the Tumet area, and an Assistant Subprefect (Xieli Tongpan) was appointed. This was the earliest administrative establishment in the Baotou area.

3.2 Urban History

In the early Qing Dynasty, the area of present-day Baotou city proper was originally a small settlement near the Guihua City Tumet of the Urad Three Banners of the Ulanqab League. It was about 20 to 40 kilometers from the grazing lands of the Urad Three Banners at Damar (now part of Hadmengou in the Baishugou Gacha of Agartai Sumu and Hadmen Village in Xiao'erhantu Town). The current main urban area of Baotou was the grazing land of the Urad Front Banner at that time (now the seat of Urad Front Banner in Bayannur City originally belonged to the Ih Ju League).

In 1809, Baotou was established as a town. The area east of the town belonged to the Tumet region, while the west and north belonged to the Urad region. Around the 9th year of the Tongzhi reign (1870 AD), Baotou built city walls, opening five city gates: East, South, West, Northeast, and Northwest, basically forming the modern urban framework of Baotou.

In the early years of the Republic of China, Baotou had developed into a famous fur distribution center and a land-and-water port in northwest China. In 1932, the Ping-Sui Railway reached Baotou. In the 14th year of the Republic of China (1926), Baotou County was established. In 1931, the Baotou Tunhe South Branch and Yongji Basin Self-operated Company were established, marking the beginning of modern industry in Baotou. In 1934, the "Eurasia Aviation Mail Transport Co., Ltd.", organized by China and Germany, built an airport in Baotou and opened the Baotou-Ningxia-Lanzhou air route, with regular flights once a week. In 1937, the War of Resistance Against Japan broke out, and Japanese troops occupied Baotou. During the Japanese occupation, Baotou was under the rule of the Mengjiang United Autonomous Government. Baotou was established as a city in 1938, and from 1945, the city and county coexisted.

3.3 People's Republic of China Period

In 1954, Suiyuan Province merged with the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and Baotou City became a city under the jurisdiction of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

In 1955, Baotou was listed as one of the eight key planned cities in China. During China's First Five-Year Plan period, all five construction projects in Inner Mongolia among the 156 key projects aided by the Soviet Union were located in Baotou. These included two thermal power plant construction projects, one steel plant construction project, and two military factory construction projects. Since then, Baotou established its status as a heavy industrial base. Influenced by Soviet aid, the urban construction plan for Baotou formed during this period had distinct Soviet-style characteristics.

In 1958, Guyang County was merged into Baotou City.

In 1960, the Urad Front Banner, originally part of the Bayannur League, was transferred to Baotou City.

In 1961, Guyang County was re-established.

In 1963, Guyang County was transferred to the Ulanqab League, and Urad Front Banner was transferred to the Bayannur League.

In 1970, Tumd Right Banner and Guyang County, which belonged to the Ulanqab League, were transferred to Baotou City.

On May 18, 1996, Darhan Muminggan Joint Banner of the Ulanqab League was placed under the jurisdiction of Baotou City.

4. Geography

4.1 Location

Baotou City is located between 41°20'–42°40' north latitude and 109°50'–111°25' east longitude, situated at the forefront of the Hetao Plain. It borders the Yellow River to the south, the China-Mongolia border to the north, and adjoins Hohhot, Bayannur, and Ordos to the east, west, and south respectively, while bordering Mongolia to the north. The city covers a total area of 27,768 square kilometers, with a maximum north-south length of approximately 235 kilometers and a maximum east-west width of about 126 kilometers. The urban area spans 953.5 square kilometers, with a built-up area of 247.14 square kilometers.

4.2 Topography

Baotou City is situated on the Inner Mongolia Plateau, with an average elevation of about 1,000 meters. Within its territory lie the Daqing Mountains and Wula Mountains (separated by the Kunlun River) of the Yin Mountains range, with average peak elevations of 2,000 meters and the highest peak reaching 2,324 meters. The city comprises three main parts: the central mountainous area, the grassland plateau north of the mountains, and the plains south of the mountains. The terrain is generally higher in the center and lower in the north and south, as well as higher in the west and lower in the east.

4.3 Climate

Baotou has a semi-arid continental temperate monsoon climate, characterized by four distinct seasons and significant monsoon influence. Winters are severely cold, while summers are warm. In 2002, the city recorded an annual average temperature of 8.5°C, with an annual minimum temperature of -27.6°C and an annual maximum temperature of 40.4°C. The total annual precipitation was 262.9 millimeters, with a maximum wind speed of 11.0 meters per second and an average wind speed of 1.8 meters per second. Annual sunshine duration reached 2,806 hours, the average relative humidity was 52%, and there were 12 sandstorm days throughout the year.

5. Administrative Divisions

Baotou City currently administers 6 municipal districts, 1 county, and 2 banners.

• Municipal Districts: Donghe District, Kundulun District, Qingshan District, Shiguai District, Baiyun'ebo Mining District, Jiuyuan District
• County: Guyang County
• Banners: Tumd Right Banner, Darhan Muminggan United Banner

The Baotou Rare Earth Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone (including the Binhe New Area) is a national-level hi-tech industrial development zone established by Baotou City.

6. Economy

6.1 Industry

Steel, aluminum, equipment manufacturing, rare earths, electric power, and crystalline silicon photovoltaics are the six key industries in Baotou City.

By the end of 2023, the installed power generation capacity in Baotou City reached 18.844 million kilowatts, an increase of 9.5% compared to the end of the previous year. Among these, thermal power installed capacity was 11.041 million kilowatts, up 3.6%; wind power installed capacity was 5.210 million kilowatts, up 11.7%; and photovoltaic installed capacity was 2.593 million kilowatts, up 39.2%.

Throughout the year, the operating revenue of industrial enterprises above designated size was 502.50 billion yuan, a decrease of 0.6% compared to the previous year; total profits were 31.13 billion yuan, down 27.3%; and the operating revenue profit margin was 6.2%. The cost per 100 yuan of operating revenue increased by 2.92 yuan compared to the previous year. By the end of the year, the asset-liability ratio of industrial enterprises above designated size was 54.9%, an increase of 1.3 percentage points from the end of the previous year. The sales rate of products from industrial enterprises above designated size was 96.7%.

6.2 Enterprises

• Baotou Iron and Steel (Group) Co., Ltd.
• China North Industries Group Corporation (Norinco Group) Inner Mongolia First Machinery Group Co., Ltd. ("First Machinery")
• China North Industries Group Corporation (Norinco Group) Inner Mongolia North Heavy Industries Group Co., Ltd. ("Second Machinery")
• China National Nuclear Corporation North Nuclear Fuel Element Co., Ltd.
• Baotou Aluminum (Group) Co., Ltd.
• Baotou Huazi Industrial Co., Ltd.
• Baotou Tomorrow Technology Co., Ltd.
• Yum! Brands Little Sheep Catering Chain Co., Ltd.
• Xiaoweiyang Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd.
• King Deer Cashmere Co., Ltd.
• Mengshang Bank

6.3 Development Positioning

"Five Bases": Strive to build important national and autonomous region-level bases for rare earth new materials, clean energy output, new metallurgy, modern equipment manufacturing, and new coal chemical industry. "Four Centers": Strive to build regional centers for production-oriented logistics, finance, consumption, and cultural tourism. "Two Barriers": Strive to build an important ecological security barrier in northern China and a security and stability barrier for the northern frontier of the motherland. "One Pivot": Leverage the advantages of the Mandula Port in utilizing Russian and Mongolian resources and foreign trade, promote the integrated development of Damao and Baiyun into a border port city, and strive to build a crucial strategic pivot for the autonomous region's opening-up to the north.

7. Transportation

Baotou City is situated at the intersection of China's mainland "Five Vertical and Seven Horizontal" expressway network and the "Eight Vertical and Eight Horizontal" railway network, making it the largest land transportation hub in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

7.1 Metro

The Baotou Metro began construction in May 2017 but was subsequently halted because the city's economic scale and population did not meet China's current standards for metro system construction.

7.2 Highways

• G6 Beijing–Lhasa Expressway / G7 Beijing–Ürümqi Expressway
  • Pass through the northern part of the urban area from east to west, traversing Tumed Right Banner, Donghe District, Jiuyuan District, Qingshan District, Kundulun District, and Jiuyuan District again before entering Urad Front Banner of Bayannur City to the west.
• Rongwu Expressway (Rongcheng–Wuhai)
  • From Rongcheng City, Shandong Province to Wuhai (Inner Mongolia section is in the planning stage).
• Baomao Expressway (Baotou–Maoming)
  • Starts in Baotou City and ends in Maoming City, Guangdong Province. It connects with the G6 Expressway in the northern part of the urban area.
• G110 National Highway
  • Runs from east to west through Tumed Right Banner, Donghe District, Jiuyuan District, Qingshan District, Kundulun District, and Jiuyuan District.
• G210 National Highway
  • Its northern terminus is at the intersection of G210 and G110 in Xingsheng Town, Qingshan District. It passes through Baiyin Xile Subdistrict in Jiuyuan District and Wanshuiquan Town in the Rare Earth High-Tech Zone before entering Shulinzhao Town in Ordos City.

7.3 Railways

• Jingbao Railway (Beijing–Baotou): Starts at Beijing North Station, ends at Baotou East Station.
• Baolan Railway (Baotou–Lanzhou): Starts at Baotou East Station, ends at Lanzhou Station.
• Baoxi Railway (Baotou–Xi'an): Starts at Baotou Station, ends at Xi'an Station.
• Baotou Loop Railway: Starts and ends at Baotou East Station, passing through 6 stations including Baotou Station, Baotou West Station, Baotou North Station, Kundulunzhao Station, Xinxiancheng Station, and Erdaoshahe Station.
• Beijing–Baotou Passenger Dedicated Line: Starts at Beijing North Station, ends at Baotou Station.
• Baotou–Yinchuan High-Speed Railway (Beijing–Lanzhou Corridor): Starts at Baotou Station, ends at Yinchuan Station (Lanzhou Station).
• Baotou–Xi'an High-Speed Railway (Baotou–Haikou High-Speed Railway): Starts at Baotou Station, ends at Xi'an North Station (Haikou Station).

7.4 Baotou Railway Stations

Baotou City has multiple railway stations, the most important being Baotou Station and Baotou East Station. Most inter-bureau trains operated by the Hohhot Railway Bureau originate from Baotou. Currently, Baotou has direct train services to cities including Beijing, Tianjin, Xi'an, Shenyang, Dalian, Harbin, Changchun, Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Wuhan, Chengdu, Chongqing, Lanzhou, Yinchuan, Qingdao, Jinan, Taiyuan, Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou, Changsha, Guangzhou, Ürümqi, Nanchang, Kunming, and Nanning.

7.5 Hohhot-Baotou-Ordos-Ulanqab Rapid Rail Transit Network

In 2021, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region issued the "14th Five-Year Plan" Integrated Development Plan for Hohhot, Baotou, Ordos, and Ulanqab (Hu-Bao-E-Wu). It proposed jointly building a rail-connected Hu-Bao-E-Wu region, coordinating the integrated development of trunk railways, intercity railways, suburban railways, and urban rail transit to construct a high-quality rapid rail transit network. On December 8th, according to news from Baotou Station, the "Railway e-Card" service was launched for intercity EMU trains operating within the Hu-Bao-E-Wu region.

7.6 Aviation

Baotou Airport was first built in 1934, and the Civil Aviation of China Baotou Station was officially established in 1956. It is located in the southern part of Donghe District, 15 kilometers from the city center, with an airport expressway directly connecting to the urban area. It currently operates flights to cities such as Shanghai, Beijing, Xi'an, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Shenyang.

7.7 Comprehensive Three-Dimensional Transportation Hub

The Baotou Comprehensive Three-Dimensional Transportation Hub is located in the southern part of Donghe District, north of Terminal 2 of Baotou Airport. This project aims to invigorate urban development vitality and enhance regional value. It strengthens the interchange functions between public transport/air and public transport/rail, providing efficient passenger distribution services for Baotou Airport and the Baotou–Xi'an (Hohhot-Baotou-Yinchuan) High-Speed Railway. In 2021, the Hu-Bao-E-Wu "14th Five-Year Plan" proposed enhancing Baotou's function as a national comprehensive transportation hub city.

8. Education

8.1 Regular Undergraduate Universities

• Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology (formerly Baotou Iron and Steel Institute)
• Baotou Teachers College of Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology
• Baotou Medical College of Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology

8.2 Key Secondary Schools

• Baotou Iron and Steel Group No. 1 Middle School
• Baotou Iron and Steel Group No. 3 Middle School
• Baotou Iron and Steel Group No. 5 Middle School
• Baotou No. 1 Middle School
• Baotou No. 2 Middle School
• Baotou No. 4 Middle School
• Baotou No. 5 Middle School
• Baotou No. 6 Middle School
• Baotou No. 8 Middle School
• Baotou No. 9 Middle School
• Baotou No. 13 Middle School
• Baotou No. 29 Middle School
• Baotou No. 33 Middle School
• Baotou No. 35 Middle School
• Baotou No. 46 Middle School
• North Heavy Industries Group No. 1 Middle School, North Heavy Industries Group No. 3 Middle School
• Inner Mongolia First Machinery Group No. 1 Middle School, Inner Mongolia First Machinery Group No. 2 Middle School
• Baotou Hui Ethnic Middle School
• Baotou Mongolian Middle School
• Baotou Rare Earth High-Tech Zone No. 1 Middle School

8.3 Vocational Colleges

• Baotou Vocational & Technical College
• Baotou Iron and Steel Vocational & Technical College
• Baotou Railway Vocational & Technical College
• Baotou Light Industry Vocational & Technical College

9. Population

• Permanent residents: 2.7617 million
• Ranking: 4th in the region (accounting for 11.52% of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region)
• Density: 99.45 people/km² (257.6 people/mi²)
• Urban area (2021): 2.2837 million
• Urban area density: 9,240.51 people/km² (23,932.8 people/mi²)
• Urban population (2023): 2.4182 million

nix

10. Culture

10.1 National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units

• Wudang Lamasery
• Machi City Site and Zhaowan Tombs
• Ashan Site
• Bailingmiao Uprising Site
• Guyang Qin Dynasty Great Wall Site
• Olon Süme City Site
• Meidaizhao Lamasery
• Bailingnaoer City Site
• Anda Fortress City Site
• Yanjialiang Site

10.2 Handicrafts

Baotou Carpets: A carpet style produced in the Suiyuan region of China during the 19th century. The carpets feature a gold thread base with patterns made from dyed silk, characterized by motifs such as clouds, flowers, and symbols of longevity.

10.3 Language

The main dialect in Kundulun District is Northeastern Mandarin, belonging to the Jishen subgroup of Northeastern Mandarin. In Qingshan District, Standard Mandarin has the highest usage rate. In the rest of the districts and counties, as well as the rural areas under the jurisdiction of Kundulun and Qingshan Districts, the population is largely descended from the "Zou Xikou" migrants, primarily speaking the Dabao subgroup of Jin Chinese.

Mongolian holds official language status in Baotou and is used alongside Chinese on all government institution signs and storefronts. However, due to the very small Mongolian population in the urban areas, its usage is limited. Mongolian speakers in Baotou are mainly distributed in Darhan Muminggan Joint Banner.

10.4 Local Cuisine

• Instant-boiled Mutton: Also known as mutton hot pot, this involves thinly sliced mutton dipped into boiling water or broth and cooked briefly before eating. It is a characteristic dish of Baotou and many northern regions. Famous hot pot enterprises in Baotou include Little Sheep, Little Tail Sheep, and Happy Lamb.
• Oat Noodles: Oat noodles are one of the "Three Treasures" of the Inner Mongolia region.
• Hand-grabbed Meat: Hand-grabbed meat is a type of "red food" (meat dishes). The Mongolian people refer to meat dishes as "red food," called "Ulaan Ide" in Mongolian. As the name suggests, "hand-grabbed meat" is mutton eaten with the hands, a traditional Mongolian food with a history of thousands of years and a staple in the daily diet of herders.
• Roast Whole Lamb: A traditional Mongolian delicacy, specially prepared for feasts to entertain distinguished guests or celebrate major events. Typically, a plump grassland sheep weighing around 40 jin is selected, slaughtered, and then roasted whole with skin on, stuffed with seasonings such as scallions, ginger, pepper, and salt. After roasting, the lamb retains its complete shape, kneeling on a wooden platter, with a golden-red color, crispy skin, and tender, fragrant meat.
• Candied Milk Tofu: A famous Inner Mongolian dish, primarily made from milk tofu.
• Shaomai (often written as "稍美" in Baotou): The name describes its shape—puffy at the top and pleated like a flower. It is a steamed dumpling snack made with hot-water dough wrappers and various fillings. Shaomai originated no later than the early Yuan Dynasty in the area of present-day Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, in roadside tea houses for merchants. It is a characteristic breakfast item in Baotou.

Additionally, there are other local Baotou delicacies such as Iron Pot Braised Ribs with Noodles, Lamb Spine, Lamb Shank, Sand Leek Buns, Fried Glutinous Rice Cakes, and Guokui (a type of baked flatbread).

12. Sister Cities

• Erdenet, Mongolia
• El Paso, Texas, United States
• La Rochelle, France

nix

nix

11. 名人

11.1 有关影视作品

• 电影《草原晨曲》是直接反映包钢建设的，是在全国支援包钢建设的大背景下，为反映这一重大题材而创作的。
• 《走西口》讲述民国初期一群饱受生活所迫的山西人，背井离乡走西口到口外包头创业经商的悲凉故事。用真实的视角记录了山西人走西口的那段艰辛的历史。
• 《乔家大院》此剧剧情背景是清朝晚期的咸丰至光绪年间，山西祁县的晋商家族乔家的故事。
• 电视剧《牛玉儒》讲述了牛玉儒在担任内蒙古包头市市长和呼和浩特市市委书记、内蒙古自治区政府副主席期间的事迹。
• 电视剧《安居》以包头市东河区北梁动迁为主线，讲述了在动迁过程中政府与群众劾力同心，最终实现和谐征拆，实现广大群众安居梦想的故事。

Mongolian means "with deer"

No. 1 Kaiyuan Avenue, Jiuyuan District

Kundulun District

nix

Spruce

Dahlia